As the durability and integrity of the construction built on it in many respects depends on quality of the base, the builder should know technology of the device of the monolithic tape and plate bases. They are most often used in individual construction.
The technology of the device of the monolithic continuous and plate footing is in many respects similar: both demand mounting of timbering, armoring lattice, sandy and gravel pillow, soil investigations. Both the tape, and plate are made by underpouring. This process has the rules which non-compliance leads to decrease in strength and other characteristics of the basis.
Stages of construction of the monolithic bases
Before filling of the monolithic base the builder should find out what building conditions: level of underground water, soil frost depth, soil type. Then it is necessary to decide on view of the base.
Further start works on marking of construction site. For this purpose use the hydrolevel, tape measure, rope or twine, pegs. The marking is carried out according to the project of the building. If it is decided to fill in tape, on the soil note both its external, and the internal line not only on house perimeter, but also for all bearing and not load bearing walls. If arrange the plate basis, the marking is carried out much quicker and more simply: it is rather correct to define location of 4 angular points, to establish in these parts pegs and to connect them shnurka. Upon completion of this work start forming of trench or ditch. It is necessary to consider that across lines of marking there have to pass base edges, but not sides of ditch. Therefore width of trench has to be such that in it the timbering of the required size was located. As a rule, for this purpose it is enough to recede from lines of marking on 10-15 cm in both parties. If the base plate – that in one. The bottom of ditch or ditch should be leveled, using hydrolevel. If to the house communications have to be brought, define entry points of the sewerage and water supply system. Then mount the corresponding pipelines. Upon completion of these works on bottom of ditch or trench fill sand layer. Thickness of layer depends on the level of deepening of sole of the basis. If the plate or tape melkozaglublenny, then are enough 5-7 cm if the sole of monolith is located below soil freezing point – 10-15 cm. Sandy "pillow" needs alignment and consolidation. For this purpose sand is watered from hose and stamped either the vibrating plate, or garden skating rink. Then form "pillow" of gravel or crushed stone. The fraction of stone has to be average: 20-40 mm. Layer thickness for the melkozaglublenny bases – 10-15 cm, for buried - 20-25 cm. Gravel (crushed stone) it is necessary as well as sand to level by means of hydrolevel and to condense with skating rink or the vibrating plate. Further mount timbering. For protection of sawn timber and maintaining its presentation the internal part of boards is covered with dense polyethylene. In timbering establish the armoring lattice made of two types of armature. For vertical racks use smooth metal rods of A1 brand with a section of 8 mm, for horizontal – ribbed A-2-A300, A3-A400, A5-A800 and A6-F1000 brand with a section of 10-12 mm.
As it is correct to fill in concrete
If arrange plate, it is desirable to use factory concrete of M-200 brand (class B15). It is correct to prepare such solution independently and in large volumes – task quite difficult. But if fill in tape, it is possible to use the concrete mixer and to prepare solution directly on construction site. Concrete proportions following: 1 part of cement of the brand is not lower M400, 3 parts of the sifted pit (not river) sand, 4 parts of gravel or crushed stone of average fraction. During filling of solution in timbering, it should be condensed. It is necessary in order that concrete came out air which forms in it cavities. Process of consolidation is simple: solution is pierced as often as possible the metal pin (armature). Underpouring is made layer-by-layer. The last batches do by more liquid as this layer will be leveling. After the cement slurry hardens (on average, 5-7 days), the timbering is dismantled. In the first days the surface of concrete is humidified with water from hose. It will prevent drying of top layer and formation of cracks in it. That has not washed away concrete rain, the monolithic plate (tape) for the night is covered with polyethylene.