Many happy owners of seasonal dachas, having breathed a sigh of relief after construction of the house and farm buildings, start development of native hundred parts. The prevailing most of summer residents beginners wishes to break toasted apple or juicy pear from branch, to regale on sweet berries, to enjoy magnificent spring blossoming or just to have a rest in shadow of garden trees. Laying of good garden - task quite feasible with certain knowledge and means.
First of all the owner of future garden has to be defined what cultures he would like to see on the site: fruit (apple-tree, pear, plum, cherry, sweet cherry, etc.), berry-pickers (currant, raspberry, gooseberry, blackberry, honeysuckle), strawberry, vegetables, decorative (coniferous, deciduous, perennials, ingates), lawn. Taking into account the made choice it is necessary to designate on the plan of the site of zone where landing of any given plants is supposed.
If desired to have orchard it is important to consider the following circumstances:
- weather conditions of the area (prevailing winds, relief, depth of underground waters, soil);
- need of family for fruits and berries;
- possibility of regular care for plantings (cutting, processing from wreckers and diseases, fertilizing, collecting and processing of harvest);
- to consider the interests of neighbors (shadowing by trees of the territory of their sites).
If the site is in the lowland, in zone of prevalence of cold drafts or on northern slope, then laying of the majority of fruit is inexpedient - the harvest will be small, many trees will freeze. Here planting of berry bushes and some grades of apple-trees will be appropriate.
The raised level of underground water is also restriction to cultivation of the majority fruit. In this case planting of plants on bulk hillocks (on ""shafts"") or use of saplings on dwarfish stocks or the saplings columns having superficial root system can come to the rescue.
The structure of soils on which the garden is put is of great importance for receiving good harvest. As a rule, on the majority of sites in the Central district loams and sandy loams, quite fertile and suitable for cultivation of fruit crops prevail. However, if on the site heavy clay or, on the contrary, very easy sandy soil, the reasons for refusal of laying of garden is not present at all. In both cases the optimum selection of composition of substrate for charge of landing holes will provide quite good existence of trees and bushes and receiving good harvest for many years. As improver for clay soils the peat, compost and sand added when landing can serve. To sandy soils clay and peat will help to increase moisture capacity. In both cases the landing hole is done quite volume (for 2-year sapling of 60*60*60 cm) that will allow plant to develop rather comfortably.
Important point at selection of plants is the proper correlation of cultures allowing to regale on fruits and products of their processing most long and at the same time not to puzzle over problems of utilization of surplus of fruit and berries. For midland the following set of plants is recognized as optimum (for the site on 6 hundred parts):
- large-fruited grades of apple-tree of 5 pieces (2 summer, 1 average, 2 late);
- small-fruited grades of apple-tree (ranetka, kitayka) 1 pieces;
- pears of 2 pieces (summer and autumn grades);
- cherries of 2 - 3 pieces (or 2 cherries, 2 zoned sweet cherries);
- drainings of 3 pieces;
- sea-buckthorn of 3 pieces (1 individual with male colors and 2 with women's);
- cherry of felt 2 pieces;
- aroniya of 1-2 pieces;
- nevezhinsky rowan (edible) 1 piece;
- blackcurrant of 4 - 8 bushes;
- red currant of 1 - 3 bush;
- gooseberry 2 - 4 bushes;
- raspberry of 10 - 15 bushes;
- the grapes zoned 2 - 6 pieces;
- honeysuckle of 2 pieces;
- blueberry of large-fruited 2 - 4 pieces;
- wild strawberry of 30-50 sq.m
Considering options of selection of plants, it is necessary to pay attention to availability of successful grades as one good bush or tree can replace 2-3 copies of invaluable grade. Besides, the received harvest has to correspond to needs of family. In the absence of fans to regale on compotes and jam, the number of the planned copies can be reduced to avoid need with regret to watch the showered fruit and berries especially as it is fraught with development of diseases and wreckers further.
It is important not to forget to consider at laying of garden optimum distances between trees as further it will allow to avoid thickening of landings and, as a result of it, strong cutting and changes. By preparation of landing holes it is necessary to consider the following parameters of placement of saplings rather each other:
- for apple-tree of 6 m;
- apple-trees on dwarfish stock of 4 m;
- for apple-trees columns of 1 m;
- for pear of 4 m;
- for cherry and plum of 3 m;
- for nevezhinsky rowan of 4 m;
- for sea-buckthorn of 2.5 m;
- for currant of black and red 0.7-1 m;
- for gooseberry of 2 m;
- for raspberry of 1 - 2 m;
- for grapes of 1.5 - 3 m;
- for wild strawberry of 0.15 - 0.6 m.
While saplings still small, it is possible to have in row-spacings berry bushes and wild strawberry, it will allow to increase harvest exit from useful area and also to avoid domination of weed vegetation. Further, in process of shadowing from the increased volume crowns, berry-pickers remove and zaluzhat the soil of garden lawn grass that promotes moisture retention and suppression of weeds. Besides, the garden on lawn looks very esthetically.
In addition it is necessary to consider that the expanded trees can complicate life to your neighbors in the site, shading from crops and landings. Taking into account it tall trees cannot be planted close to fence (at distance of at least 3 m), to constructions and paths.
At selection of grades it is necessary to be guided not only by tempting descriptions of productivity and taste of fruits and also winter hardiness of tree, its skoroplodnost, resistance to diseases, storage life of harvest. Plants need to be bought in the checked nurseries, only this way it is possible to receive with guarantee designated grade. Roadside ""disorders"" and doubtful shops most often will provide you with the invaluable regrade or plants which are grown up to the south, i.e. are not adapted to more severe conditions of growth.
Saplings with opening root system get in the spring before on trees kidneys or till fall after leaf fall were unrolled. Plants in pots containers it is possible to replace all season as their compact root system practically does not suffer at transfer in landing hole.
The young garden requires permanent care - the forming and sanitary cutting, fertilizing, processing by pesticides from wreckers and diseases, collecting fruit drop, whitewashing, protection against rodents and, of course, regular harvesting that sometimes represents quite labor-intensive process (at gooseberry, currant, cherry).
Making the decision on volume of the put garden it is always necessary to be guided by expediency: whether there is opportunity to carry out all these actions or garden will be provided to itself, with all that it implies in the form of sick thickened trees among high weeds, shapeless bushes with small berries and annual carpet from the fallen-down fruits.