In construction the base is integral part of any building. The base assumes the main loading and transfers it further to the basis – dense soil. The reliable base - pledge of strong construction.
Blocks
In construction of any buildings packaged foundation reinforced concrete units have become widespread. Most often the base from blocks is used at construction of owner-occupied dwellings and cottages. The advantage of such bases consists in the speed of their construction, at once after their construction it is possible to start establishment of overlappings and laying of walls that very much reduces construction terms.
Shortcomings of the combined base from blocks is their higher price. Besides, in space between blocks large number of seams is formed that complicates process of waterproofing. Keep in mind, concrete blocks very heavy - work with them will require special equipment.
Before works it is necessary to make the basis under the base of layer of sand 12-17 cm thick.
It is forbidden to make the bases of block type on the peat, muddy and other soil inclined to drawdown.
In order that the layer was even, on bottom place frame from bars with a section of 10-15 cm then all design is leveled by means of level. Further make mounting of blocks on concrete solution with the draft from 50 to 60 mm. Thickness of seams has to be no more than 15 mm. The installed block needs to be checked by means of level. After all blocks are installed, pass to filling with solution of vertical joints
In order to avoid outflow of solution from vertical joints it is necessary to caulk them in advance.
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Such way of construction of the base is more rational at construction of multy-storey buildings since their use for low-rise building will lead to unfairly heavy expenses.
Plate
The base of this kind is often called floating since the plate moves together with construction, preventing violation of structure of the building. Such plate is made of reinforced concrete and reinforced by high-strength BP-2 wire. The fact that construction of the tiled bases is often carried out on difficult soils where, apparently, there is no possibility of construction is explained by it. At first on the marked site it is necessary to remove soil. In the formed ditch fill sandy pillow and stamp. Over it stack waterproofing material, then start reinforcing and filling of ditch concrete solution. High-quality reinforcing is guarantor of reliability of the base and its resistance to temperature drops. The plate base needs to be warmed from low temperature impact. For this purpose stack the warming material layer of 12-16 cm between plate and soil that will allow to minimize heat waste of the first level of the building. Also it prevents sedimentation of the soil under the base. The main advantage of this kind of the base is the guarantee of reliable waterproofing and exception of risk of drawdown and also lack of problems with repair. It is the most optimal variant of the base for the weak, bulk and often washing away sites.
Glasses
The Stakanny type of the base is intended for installation of the basis under the columns of the big size differing in big durability. The glass performs the same functions, as well as the pillow at continuous footing, i.e. evenly distributes loading. The upper part of the base of this kind is not filled in with concrete, and gathers directly from separate parts. Glasses under columns are made of concrete with the strengthened reinforcing that prolongs the term of their service. Their basic purpose is construction of industrial complexes and bridges, they are not suitable for private construction. Before construction it is necessary to consider that this type of the base is not suitable for the soils inclined to drawdown. Most often such type of the base is used for construction of columns in constructions of industrial purpose, in the nuclear industry and at power plants. Factory execution of the base of stakanny type differs in high quality. And also this type of the base is simple in installation and is economic in construction time. It is possible to refer need of use of the special equipment, rather high cost and need to buy some parts from manufacturer to shortcomings. Mounting of the bases of stakanny type has to be made with respect for all state standards. First of all surface preparation since movement of the established designs will be impossible subsequently is necessary. Careful consolidation of holes under the base is very important. Then additional ramming of soil is carried out and then the column is established. At implementation of mounting the strict observance of the recommended indicators of frost resistance and durability of compression is required. Only at observance of these conditions the base will have high quality, resistance to cracks and deformation changes of walls.