Sewer manhole — important element of any residential and process building. Designs are classified by assignment, type of building materials, type of sewer drains. These criteria should be considered in more detail.
Sewerage systems are intended for withdrawal of liquid waste from the places of residence and work of the person. Structurally the system of the sewerage consists of two main parts: pipelines and wells. Wells are intended, first of all, for audit, cleaning or repair of sites of sewage pipe. Designs are classified on several types: to destination, to material type, device.
Types of sewer drains
Types of wells are classified by the form the waste waters necessary for removal:
- Industrial drains. The waters which have changed the chemical composition as a result of production activity belong to them. As a rule, the sewerage of this type has the special systems of collecting, drain and cleaning.
- Domestic sewages. These are the waters mixed with various waste from housing estates. Pollution can be separated into economic and fecal. In the private sector quite often arrange both types of wells according to the spaced scheme: fecal is closer to traffic area for possibility of pumping out and export, economic — on back part of the yard or kitchen garden. Subsequently gray drains can be pumped out independently, for example, on compost heap.
- Atmospheric and drainage drains. These are rain, melt, flood waters, sometimes soil. All familiar gutters on roof are and there is sewerage of atmospheric drains. Water can be collected centrally in special tanks for watering of kitchen garden or to distribute to low-lying places of the site, having arranged there, for example, small pond for ducks. Drainage drains are arranged at high level of underground water, on purpose as much as possible to protect underground structures of buildings.
Sewerage systems are subdivided into floatable and export. Floatable move waste waters to treatment treatment plants or city collector. The second are intended for collecting drains in autonomous well with the subsequent export by the ATH special transport.
Classification of wells to destination
Different wells and to destination:
- These are, as a rule, tanks with a capacity from 3 CBM and more, intended for directly collecting and short storage of waste waters with the subsequent export. Pumping is made as the special equipment, and independently. The most part of accumulative wells – household and atmospheric.
- Are intended for collecting drains from several sewerage systems and their distribution in common collector or in city treatment treatment plants. Usually include the floatable and accumulative systems of the residential district or housing estate.
- The design of bottom of well provides exit of the gray waters (which are not polluted by poisonous waste) directly in soil in the natural way. These small treatment treatment plants of times a one or two years can be cleaned from the collected dense fractions. Settle generally in sandy and sandy soil, at absence or low arrangement of underground waters. Such type of well of floatable kind of the sewerage is quite economic and does not demand frequent service and cleaning.
- Are constructed on sites more than 50 m long and also in points of turn and connection of highways. Are necessary for audit of work of sewerage system, for cleaning and possible repair. Arrange in both types of the sewerage.
- Settle on sites with big height differences when it is necessary to lower natural bias of pipe. Such wells are arranged in the export and floatable sewerage.
Separately from all there are so-called wells septic tanks. They have the filtering and accumulative element of system. Modern septic tanks are capable to process organic waste materials. Use them reluctantly because of high prime cost.
Types of materials for wells
Wells do of various materials. Most often use:
- ceramic brick;
- slag stones;
- limestone;
- stone;
- reinforced concrete constructions;
- sheet steel;
- plastic and composite materials.
Do round wells of ceramic brick, slag stones, limestone-shell rock or any stone. They are suitable for small volumes. Also one person can construct such well.
Brick wells become less popular because of their labor input recently. Are widespread in the autonomous systems of the sewerage, mainly in the private sector.
Reinforced concrete wells happen two types: from mass concrete and combined concrete rings. Monolithic wells are intended for small volumes. It is possible to make them and without attraction of special equipment. They are quite labor-consuming performed by — it is necessary to expose timbering and reinforcing, to prepare, correctly layer-by-layer to lay and sustain concrete mix, to remove timbering, to arrange overlapping. With small depth of underlay the form of well can be any.
In the conditions of urban development collecting wells are most widespread. They consist of standard combined rings of meter height and diameter, plates of the bottom and covering with aperture for the hatch. Advantages of wells of this kind — fast mounting, considerable depth of underlay. Shortcoming: attraction of the equipment for transportation and mounting of concrete elements.
Metal wells represent capacity from sheet steel. For such purposes quite often use old tanks, large diameter pipes with the made faces, the welded rectangular designs. Before installation metal is carefully grounded from within and outside, cut out inlet openings and hatches for audit. The main lack of such well — susceptibility of iron of corrosion and impossibility of repair. Metal wells in life very seldom are applied, installation requires special equipment, and iron cost in the secondary market is quite high.
Plastic or composite wells well transfer temperature fluctuations, are hermetic and durable. Such designs are functional, strong, have insignificant weight, are easily mounted, with firmness transfer chemical influences.
Accumulative well: example of the device
For example it is possible to consider the detailed device of the accumulative and filtering wells as the most widespread in the private sector of the city and country cottages.
The volume of well depends on the number of the living people and the equipment installed in the house. In modern two-storeyed cottage the kitchen washing, the bathroom with sink, toilet, the washing machine and the dishwasher on the first floor and toilet with sink or shower cabin on the second, as a rule, is located. Such equipment is optimum for comfortable stay of family on average of 5 people. As it is stated above, it is the best of all to arrange both types of wells: accumulative for collecting fecal drains and filtering for economic.
The accumulative well is arranged in the lowest part of the site for ensuring the best movement of water on the pipeline. This well is intended only for collecting fecal masses from toilets and it needs to be executed from concrete rings or from the plastic capacity of factory production.
Reinforced concrete rings before mounting surely become covered by special waterproofing structure, and joints are pressurized. Plastic wells, despite higher cost, it is more preferable as it is more convenient in mounting and operation. It is better to entrust the choice and mounting of such well to the special organization. To well the journey of tanker truck for pumping out of sewage has to be surely provided.
The filtering well: example of the device
The filtering well has similar functions and the device, but it has no bottom. The multilayer filter from layers of sand and gravel of various fineness forms the basis of well. It is possible to make such well of concrete rings or brickwork — in the lower part several rows keep within with openings in chessboard order for water exit. Waste waters are not late in well and freely go to soil. It is the best of all to direct slabozagryaznenny waters to this well, for example, from bathtub, kitchen. After installation outside to obvalovat the lower part of well filling brick that soil has not got in trunk.
Perhaps, in the near future there will be robotic systems of repair and cleaning of pipelines. But until this wonderful time has come, to people day and night, in the winter and it will be necessary to climb in sewer manholes in the summer and to carry out heavy, dirty, but the necessary work on ensuring purity in dwellings.