Solar batteries gain the increasing popularity as safe and almost completely an autonomous power source. The principle of their work is quite simple, however the equipment complex on electricity generation from sunlight has the high level of the organization.
Systematic environmental pollution by emissions of thermal power plants gradually strengthens action of greenhouse effect that increase in concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is caused. At preservation of the current increase in population, in several decades the World can already turn out on the verge of environmental disaster therefore the public in every possible way seeks to develop alternative power engineering. In particular, big distribution was received by the solar power stations which are ecologically safe and effective tool of the decision of an energy crisis.
As solar panels work
The solar battery is a chain of consistently closed photo cells - the semiconductors capable to redistribution of a charge on poles under the influence of sunlight. The most widespread semiconductor material for creation of photo cells at the moment is silicon, however it has low coefficient of transformation. The increasing popularity is gained by the composite materials including in structure of germaniye with arsenide of gallium and allowing to transform up to 40% of solar energy to electricity. Such photo cells are multilayered and are applied only in the course of laboratory researches so far.
Device of systems of solar generation of the electric power
The linking of photo cells of the solar panel gives voltage about 12 volts and power about 100 Watts at the exit. Each panel has several sheaves therefore the total power of installation respectively increases. The produced electricity is transported on copper wires to the block of accumulators which is placed as it is possible closer to panels for avoidance of strong losses of electricity on overcoming resistance of the conductor. Solar panels are connected to the controller via the concentrator. Such scheme of connection allows to change consumption power depending on intensity of sunlight is one of the main features of solar power. The controller gives tension on the battery from several Li-ion batteries of high capacity and charges them. Tension in 12 volts is not enough for work of the most part of the equipment: it can be used only for lighting. Power supply of household appliances occurs via the power transformer of tension transforming a direct current to current of industrial frequency with a rated voltage.
Features of use of solar power stations
Though even in the regions of Europe with high overcast the average daily intensity of solar radiation is about 100 W/sq.m, panels cannot collect and transform full amount of energy. Besides low efficiency, the factors influencing decrease in efficiency of the solar power plant are also losses on transformation and transportation of the electric power, change of power of absorption by the controller and a hade of sunlight on which extent of its reflection depends. Also one of the main features of photo cells is significant falling of their performance with growth of temperature of the semiconductor. If a part of photo cells of the panel is in a shadow, it does not develop the electric power, and absorbs it, playing a role of parasitic resistance.