Linguistics, or linguistics – science about development, functioning and the structure of languages of the world, a part of semiotics which studies signs. The linguistics investigates natural human languages from the different points of view therefore it is divided into several parts: phonetics, lexicology, grammar, stylistics and others. Also depending on scope of application the linguistics is divided into theoretical and practical.
Theoretical and practical linguistics
The theoretical linguistics which as a result of all these observations formulates theories is engaged in a research of language laws, the principles of formation and development of language, the analysis of language rules and concepts, their structuring, studying history of languages. The theoretical linguistics is divided into empirical which works with the real-life speech, and standard which forms the set of rules and laws ordering as it is correctly necessary to use language. The general theoretical linguistics works with all languages in their complex, studies lines of this phenomenon, uniform for all, and the private section investigates only separate manifestations – one language, group or couple.
The practical linguistics does not assume creation of theories and a research of laws, its purpose is to investigate language from the practical point of view, to impart knowledge in the field of its study to other people without vocational education. This theory of translation, ligvodidaktika, technique of teaching native language and other sections.
Other sections of linguistics
Depending on an object of research select the different sections of linguistics connected with various parties of functioning of language. The lexicology is engaged in studying dictionary structure or vocabulary. This section selects the word as the main unit and describes their types, functions, ways of education, the history of development. The lexicology investigates various types of communications in phrases: paradigmatic, syntagmatic. It allocates different types of the relations between words: antonimichesky or synonymic. Drawing up dictionaries and various word meanings such area of this section as a lexicography researches. The purpose of phonetics is to study sound structure of language, the main unit in this section is speech sounds. Allocate actually phonetics which is engaged in an articulation (physiological aspect of the speech), acoustics (physical laws of formation of sounds) and functional manifestation of sounds. The phonology which works with a phoneme – a sound in terms of its function works with the last aspect in more detail. The grammar investigates rules of creation of words in a design, it allocates morphemes and morphs, divides words into morphological parts with certain values, reveals regularities of creation of certain pieces of the speech – offers, phrases, texts. There is a descriptive grammar which works with the existing language system, and historical which traces its development at different stages of existence of language. Also the grammar is divided into morphology and syntax. Besides, select such sections of linguistics as phraseology, stylistics, spelling, the standard of speech.