Very often in different situations the people hear a word a proton and also a kernel, a neutron, an electron. Not always pupils and even adults know from where this name went and when the world learned about such elements.
There passed a large number of time before scientists agreed that all substances consist of molecules. Over time could even establish that molecules incorporate atoms. Then there was a question what atom consists of. Atom includes a kernel and a number of electrons which rotate around a kernel.
Hydrogen atomic nucleus
Rutherford who was a one of the pioneer of this section of physics and all the life worked on development of this direction, assumed that as a part of a kernel of any chemical element there is a hydrogen kernel, as managed to confirm by means of experiments.
These experiments demanded considerable preparation, and, making experiments, the scientist and his pupils, often sacrificed the health. Experiment was made thus: by means of alpha radiations there was a bombing of atoms of nitrogen. As a result from atomic nuclei of nitrogen different particles which were fixed on a photosensitive film were beaten out. Because of a weak luminescence Rutherford had to sit for eight hours in the room without lighting that eyes fixed light traces better.
Thanks to these experiments Rutherford could define in the wake of knocking-out that in atom of any substance there are atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
Proton
The particle a proton was opened by Rutherford in 1919 when carrying out experience who proved existence in any chemical element of an atomic nucleus of hydrogen. The proton in fact is an electron, but with the positive sign, it counterbalances quantity of electrons, in such situation atom is called neutral or not loaded. The name a proton comes from the word "protos" which is transferred from Greek as the first. Initially, this particle was wanted to be called the baron from the Greek word "baros" which means weight. But as a result the decision was made that "proton" describes all qualities of this element better. It is important to remember that the mass of a proton approximately in 1840 times more, than the mass of an electron.
Neutron
The neutron is also one of atom elements. This element was opened by Chadwick after conducted a series of bombings over a beryllium atomic nucleus. At such bombing, elements which did not react to electric field in any way took off therefore they as a result and were called neutrons.