Syntactic figures of speech (as well as tracks) replace with one another, but if tracks replace words or expressions, then figures are turns of speech. Tracks of the speech are the level of vocabulary, figures of speech are the level of syntax.
The first description of figures of speech is known since Aristotle's "Poetics". The great scientist called speech tracks obligatory accessory of science of eloquence.
Tracks of the speech include rhetorical figures, figures of repetition, a figure of decrease and a figure of movement.
Rhetorical figures of speech
Rhetorical figures are a special group of the syntactic figures, on formal sign which are diillogical, but in essence monological: the interlocutor is supposed, but he does not participate in the speech.
Rhetorical question — the turn issued by the question mark and enhancing emotionality of perception. The answer to a rhetorical question is not supposed. Example: "And judges who?" (A.S. Griboyedov).
Rhetorical exclamation - the turn of speech issued by the exclamation mark and enhancing emotionality of perception. Example: "The poet died!" (M.Yu. Lermontov).
The rhetorical address — the address which is used for drawing attention. Example: "Cloudlets heavenly, eternal wanderers!" (M.Yu. Lermontov).
Rhetorical default is fixed by dots. A turn is characterized by syntactic incompleteness. The value of rhetorical default consists in creation of effect of significance due to innuendo. Example: "The speech not about that, but nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless..." (A.T. Tvardovsky).
Repetition figures
The general for figures of repetition is that they are under construction on repetition of any part of a statement.
Anaphora — the syntactic figure constructed on repetition of a word or groups of words at the beginning of several verses. Example: "It is pleasant to me that you, are sick not with me, it is pleasant to Me that I, am sick not with you" (M.I. Tsvetaeva).
Epifora — repetition at the end of several verses or stanzas. Example: "The candle burned on a table, the Candle burned" (B.L. Pasternak).
Anadiplosis (joint) — repetition of a word or group of words at the end of the verse or the stanza and the beginning of the verse or stanza. Example: "It fell on cold snow, On cold snow as if a sosenka..." (M.Yu. Lermontov).
Prosopodosis (ring) — repetition at the beginning of the verse and at the end of the following verse or the stanza. Example: "Mutno sky, night of a mutn" (A.S. Pushkin).
Decrease figures
Decrease figures — group of the figures based on violation of grammatical links between sentence parts.
Ellipsis (ellipse) — the admission of an implied word. Example: "The ticket — silk, the Cheek — a kiss" (V.V. Mayakovsky).
Sillepsis (silleps) — association in the general syntactic submission of non-uniform members. Example: "There was a rain and two students".
Bessoyuziye (asindeton) — the admission of the unions between homogeneous parts or parts of a compound sentence. Example: "Kernels slide, whistle for bullets, calm bayonets" Hung (A.S. Pushkin).
Mnogosoyuziye — the excess number of the unions. Example: "... Both deity, and inspiration, And life, and tears, and love" (A.S. Pushkin).
Movement figures
Movement figures — group of the figures based on shift, change of traditional positions of sentence parts.
Gradation — a figure in which homogeneous parts of the sentence are built on strengthening of intensity of sign or action. Example: "I am not sorry, I do not call, I do not pay..." (S.A. Yesenin).
Inversion — violation of a habitual word order. Example: "The fire blue was swept up..." (S.A. Yesenin).
Syntactic overlapping — identical or similar arrangement of sentence parts in the next parts of the text. Example: "The fairy tale affects soon and at a distant day serious work is done".