Alcohols are organic compounds which part one or several functional hydroxyl groups which are directly connected with carbon atom are. In the first case alcohol is called one-atomic, a characteristic example – ethanol, with a formula C2H5OH. In the second case it is polyatomic alcohol, for example, glycerin, with a formula CH2OH – SNON – CH2OH.
Instruction
1. According to rules of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IYuPAK), names are given alcohols in the certain way. At first write a structural formula of a molecule of alcohol. Then choose the longest hydrocarbon which is a part of a molecule in which there is functional IT is group.
2. Numbering of atoms of carbon in this hydrocarbon is made in such order that the atom connected to functional IT – group, had smaller number, than when numbering since other end.
3. Review several characteristic examples. Here, for example, alcohol with an empirical formula C3H7OH. Besides a hydroxyl group IT is the rest from C3H7 propane molecule its part, that is spent on drink - the radical of C3H7. The name of alcohol by rules IYuPAK depends on its structural formula.
4. Let's assume, it is as follows: CH3-CH2-CH2-OH. In this case the name consists of a basis – hydrocarbon to which derivatives this alcohol, and the terminations – "ол" is. Alcohol has to be called propyl alcohol or propyl alcohol.
5. But this alcohol can have also other structural formula: CH3-CH (IT)-CH3. How then to call it? By rules IYuPAK, you see that a hydroxyl group it is connected to the second atom of a hydrocarbon chain. Therefore, alcohol will be called propane-2-ol. More habitual, widespread naming isopropyl alcohol.
6. And how to be in more difficult cases? For example, when various radicals, and not only hydrocarbon are attached to the main hydrocarbon? Here a molecule with a structural formula: CH3 - SN (IT) - CH2 - CH(CH3) - CH2 - CH2Br. How to call it alcohol?
7. First of all number carbon atoms in the longest chain, without having forgotten at the same time that a hydroxyl group has to be closer to the beginning. You will see that the longest hydrocarbon in this molecule – hexane (C6H14) to which second atom it is attached a hydroxyl group IT, to the fourth – CH3 methyl group, and to the sixth – a Br bromine ion. By rules IYuPAK, it is necessary to begin with the most distant atom of a chain, and that atom to which it is attached functional IT is group, has to be called the last. Moving ahead on a hydrocarbon chain, you receive the required name of alcohol: 6-bromine-4-methylhexane-2-ol.