Alkanes are the saturated hydrocarbons in the majority having branched or linear structure. They are called still aliphatic connections, paraffin and saturated hydrocarbons. They received such names because of the content of the greatest possible amount of atoms of hydrogen in the structure.
It is required to you
- - manual in organic chemistry.
Instruction
1. Before calling saturated hydrocarbon, write down a structural formula of its molecule. Remember that a homological number of alkanes has the general formula: CnH2n+2 where n is a certain whole positive number. Knowing it, you do not make a mistake at record of any representative of this class. For example, the task to make a formula of alkane which has six atoms of carbon is given. Having applied a formula, you receive C6H14 – hexane.
2. Giving names to saturated hydrocarbons, keep in mind what the first four from a homological row is a methane, ethane, propane, butane. All subsequent paraffin is designated by the Greek numeral with addition of a suffix of "An": pentane (C5H12), heptane (C7H16), nonan (C9H20), etc. But consider that the alkanes containing more than three atoms of carbon in the chain have isomers for which name such way is not suitable.
3. Correctly to call isomers you have to follow the rules IUPAC (IYuPAK). According to them at first choose the longest carbon chain. Then number it since that end by most of which closer there is a branching. Then specify numbers of atoms of hydrocarbon at which deputies (radicals or halogens) contain. In that case if it is several of them, arrange them on seniority. If all deputies identical, then specify their number by the Greek numerals ("di" - 2, "three" - 3, "tetra" - 4, etc.). For example, the 2.3rd CH3-CH dimethylheptane (-CH3) - CH (-CH3) - CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3, or the 3rd methyl, 4.4-dietilgeksanSN3-SN2-SN (-CH3) - (C2H5-)C (-C2H5) - CH2-CH3, etc.
4. Receive names of monocycloalkanes (are formed at short circuit of a chain with loss of 2 hydrogen atoms) from Cn from a formula, adding a prefix of "cycle". In this case cyclopentane, cyclobutane, cyclohexane, etc. are formed. If cycles a little to the name add the prefixes indicating their quantity, for example, tritsiklo-1,1,1 nonan, bitsiklo-2,2,0 hexane, etc.