In Russian there are several auxiliary parts of speech, one of which are the unions and particles. They differ on the functions, but a time they can be confused.
Instruction
1. The union - an auxiliary part of speech which name reflects its main function. It serves for communication (i.e. "union") various words, phrases and even offers in the text. Such unions as "and", "and", "but" "because" are often used in the speech, "or". They can serve as for coordinating communication where parts of the offer are equal, and for subordinative.
2. The particle does not connect a word and the offer, and attaches them additional significance, coloring, and in certain cases serves for formation of new forms of a word. The most widespread - a particle "not", expressing denial. Often these auxiliary parts of speech are used for strengthening of emotional coloring: "really", "even", "directly", "exactly", etc.
3. If you could not determine by the given characteristics that for a part of speech before you, - the union or a particle, - is one way which can help you. Try to isolate the word interesting you from a phrase and to look at result. If to remove the union, then the offer or its parts will be uncoordinated with each other (for example, remove this offer "or"). Exarticulation of a particle in most cases will not lead to a similar problem of coordination (try to remove a particle here). Also, if you remove a particle, the meaning of a phrase can exchange on opposite (in a case with particles "not", "not at all", "hardly", etc.).
4. There are so-called homonymous parts of speech. They are said equally, but written differently. For example, the union "too" and a pronoun with a particle "same". In such cases the replacement of a word comes to the rescue. The union, as a rule, can be replaced simple ("and"): "I was too there" = "And I was there". The combination "same" cannot be replaced in this way. Besides, the particle can be removed it, without having lost at the same time the meaning of the offer: "He re-read the same edition again" = "He re-read that edition again".