Atoms of any substance have quite complex structure. Despite their incredibly small effective size, they are not indivisible, and consist of smaller formations.
It is required to you
- The textbook in classical physics, the sheet of paper, a pencil, the textbook in quantum physics
Instruction
1. Open the textbook in physics of some class. In any of them you by all means will face a subject of discussion of divisibility of particles. Scientists know long ago that atom is not an indivisible particle, it consists of other particles which sizes much less the size of the atom. These particles are electrons, protons and neutrons. And protons and neutrons are the atomic nucleus concentrated in the center of atom and having a positive charge.
2. To understand how atom and its components looks, you can draw the circle of small diameter representing a kernel on the sheet of paper. Further represent circles of large diameter with the center which is on a kernel. Each circle has diameter close by the size to diameter of other circle, but much bigger, than diameter of the circle representing an atomic nucleus. To each of big circles put the fat end to any place. These circles of large diameter show electronic orbitals, and fat points are electrons. Quite so it is also accepted to represent atom. In the center there is a kernel consisting of protons and neutrons, and electrons rotate around.
3. Pay attention that electrons have a negative charge, and a kernel – positive. And the positive charge in a kernel is formed by protons because neutrons electrically are neutral. The divisibility of atom and existence of positively infected kernel was proved still by the physicist Rutherford. He made experiment on bombing of a leaf of a foil the alpha particles which are uranium disintegration products. The sample of uranium was placed in a lead lodge in order that the direction the movement of alpha particles was more rectilinear. As a result of an experiment the fact that overwhelming number of the alpha particles which are, actually, helium atomic nuclei deviate on a corner of bigger 90 degrees was observed. It is possible only if bulk in atom a certain positively charged center is. Thus, in particular, was and the mass of a kernel which is the main component in atom lump is calculated.
4. It is worth noticing also that in spite of the fact that the electrons and protons which are in a kernel have charges of the opposite sign, electrons do not give on a kernel, liquidating thus atom. It, of course, could be explained with the fact that electrons move and therefore do not fall on a kernel. However, according to the classical theory, moving thus charged particles have to lose energy so and fall on a kernel. The explanation of this effect is in quantum mechanics where speaks that electrons move only on the "resolved" orbits, being on which, electrons do not lose energy.