Theoretical methods of a research are based on several options which allow to give them quality characteristic: abstraction, formalization, analogy, subject modeling, mental modeling and idealization.
Abstraction
Abstraction is the process based on derivation from some properties of the subject during its knowledge deeply to investigate its certain party. Examples of results of abstraction it is possible to give curvature, color, beauty and so on. Abstraction has several purposes. For example, it is aimed at search of common features. At the same time the signs distinguishing one subject from another will drop out of their attention. The attention will be concentrated only on volume the general that is between these objects. One more purpose is systematization and generalization. Apparently, it differs from the former purpose as the attention is concentrated on differences which allow to divide objects into groups. Besides, abstraction can be aimed at creation of a sample and at the clearness of formulations.
Formalization
In this case knowledge is displayed in a sign symbolical look, that is they find a type of conditional values and formulas. Use of special symbolics — a necessary method of how the person reflects reality. Formalization is a part of formal logic.
Analogy
Analogy is the conclusion about similarity between two objects on some sign which is based on identity in characteristic features. Knowledge received after consideration of a certain object is transferred to another, less studied and available object. However analogy does not give reliable knowledge. If the reasoning by analogy is truthful, it does not give the grounds to believe that the conclusion will be true.
Subject modeling
Object is studied with use of abstract models. The gained knowledge is transferred to the studied original. The model gives the chance to make reasonable and fuller forecast and also to optimize the movement to result. However for this purpose it is necessary to possess already revealed trends, historical experience and expert estimates. The model and the original have to have the known similarity, as for functions and physical characteristics. This similarity will allow to transfer information which is obtained as a result of a model research, on the original.
Mental modeling
In this case fancies are applied. Except mental modeling there is a computer and sign modeling.
Idealization
In this case for objects certain concepts which actually do not exist are created, but have a prototype. Ideal gas, a sphere and so on can be an example. An ideal object can be described as the idea which is expressed in the sign system of scientific artificial language and is the cornerstone of the scientific theory.