Throwing of a shell – one of the most ancient sports. The ability to hit precisely the mark was in the ancient time equated to ability to survive. Throwing improves coordination of movements, forms skill of the correct distribution of effort and develops most of groups of muscles at the same time. In track and field athletics distinguish throwing of several types of shells. About the main technicians of throwing and their correctness the speech in this review will also go.
History of throwing
The ability of the person to kill production at distance, became one of the reasons of domination of a type of Homo Sapiens. Researchers assume that technology of throwing goes back to the Stone Age (about 300-30 thousand years ago). At this particular time primitive hunters developed the equipment and types of throwing.
Presumably, the size of a shell and the used style of a throw depended on a type of production, and hit and murder of a game or the enemy was primary purpose. As throwing shells stones, axes and other improvised objects were used a spear.
Whether you know? The earliest mention of hammer throw belongs to an era of government of Edward III (1327-1377). The decree the king forbade hammer throw together with other sports in order that people did not neglect a training of archery.
During historical development of a civilization the skills in throwing were extremely demanded up to an era of an invention of firearms. Considering constancy of the military conflicts, soldiers did not stop a training even in peace time.
Over time they turned into sports competitions. Discus throw became the first recorded type of throwing. This story meets on a set of the Greek amphoras and frescos. At the same time, also the javelin throw was widespread.
Both views were included into the program of the Olympic Games (5th century AD). For ancient Scandinavians there was relevant a throwing of the axe. The track and field athletics includes competitions in throwing of all above-mentioned shells and a kernel today.
Get acquainted with technique of shot put and also technicians of throwing of a grenade and a small ball on range.
Now throwing competitions on accuracy are not held – only on range. It led to evolution of the used shells. So, the spear for defeat of the purpose has excellent balance and can overcome distance more than 100 meters.
But such spear is unsafe for the audience, judges and other participants of competitions. Therefore the balance was changed so that the spear could not overcome the sports ground (400 meters). Together with shells also technology of performance changed.
Functions
The competition in throws is carried out on range. It is important to coordinate ability of the athlete visual and motive reactions. During performance force, dexterity and speed are important. At the same time vestibular and motive analyzers are improved.
At the time of performance, muscles of a forearm and a humeral belt are involved. Also muscles of a neck, a press, the lower extremities work. Far to throw a shell, it is necessary to put a hand so that its weight created resistance to the movements of a trunk and shoulder during rotation.
The sinew, ligaments and muscles of a shoulder are involved in the movement of a hand. The released energy will provide fast rotation as a result of which the elbow becomes straight, and the shell goes to flight with a high speed.
Pay attention to a set of exercises to development of coordination of movements.
Throwing functions:
- flying range;
- defeat of the purpose.
If it is necessary to throw a shell further, then it needs to give initially higher speed. Throw force is here too important. If the throw has to hit the target, then the exact eye estimation and accurate coordination of movements is necessary.
Types of throwing
Our contemporaries hold 4 types of competitions in throwing. Each of them is characterized by the equipment which depends on type and the weight of a shell. In some competitions, for various reasons, arose and more than one equipment are used.
So, the main way of a throw of a disk is developed in Ancient Greece. The movement is carried out in the vertical plane. The disk gets own rotary moment in the movement. If it is correct to throw it, then air flow will promote flight and to improve result.
The new way was entered in 1900 by the Czech athlete Ya. Suk. Subsequently Finns developed and successfully used the same equipment. The athlete threw a disk with turn and under more flat corner.
The way exists also at the American throwers. They carry out a throw with a deep squat and turn round its pivot-center. At a throw the rotation acceleration is transferred to a disk.
Lance bearers disperse on a straight line and throw a spear with swing over a shoulder forward. Fighting a spear were heavy. And here the sports facilitated option (up to 800 g) allows to throw a shell further, than on 100 meters. For this reason at competitions a number of accidents is recorded. Having carefully studied properties of a shell, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) standardized a spear with the displaced center of gravity which does not allow to throw it further hundred meters.
Hammer throw is well known to the northern people. And though such sport was considered as plebeian, it was very popular. People always like to show the force and dexterity. Originally the throw was carried out with scope and from one turn.
Over time, when the hammer became a subject which needs to be thrown far, but not precisely, it underwent change of a form. The present hammer is a round sphere on a metal wire with the handle, for convenience of a continence.
That to throw it, the athlete undertakes the handle and gives to a hammer the speed and energy, rotating round its pivot-center. To throw a kernel, the athlete performs approximately the same operations, as at a hammer throw. Technology of keeping of a shell is special here.
Hundred years ago the kernel was pushed with one hand from the place. Now the athlete moves around. At the time of a throw the support becomes on legs that gives speed to a shell and increases range.
Push
The shot put can be carried out from the place, from a step, from jump. The athlete can move sideways or with turn. In the same way, as well as a kernel, it is possible to throw a ball. Speed of its flight depends on what initial acceleration the shell received from the "athlete + shell" system.
The jog equipment has the following features of performance:
- the kernel is held in one hand which is raised to a neck. At any moment of the hand holding a shell is bright, should not fall lower than the level of a shoulder;
- the movement consists of preparation, scope, a throw with jump or without and a final phase of return of a body to usual situation.
Technology of performance:
- The athlete becomes as it is possible further from the center of a circle as will move at a throw it to its center.
- Supporting leg usually happens right, and the center of gravity is transferred to it.
- To gain basic speed, the athlete begins to be shaken in the throwing plane.
- When it is gathered sufficient for energy is bright, the swing by the second leg becomes back.
- Then the breakthrough of a body forward, a push a supporting leg with a vyprygivaniye in the center of the platform follows. The jump has to follow along the Earth's surface, but not up, on height no more than 25 cm.
- Together with a jump the kernel leaves forward, accepting acceleration from the athlete's push. The angle of flight – about 45 degrees.
- Now it is necessary to stabilize the body situation. For this purpose weight is transferred to a swing leg with the simultaneous movement back. So there is a braking.
- Having thrown out a kernel, the athlete changes position of legs, and thus there is a braking and alignment.
Video: technology of performance of shot put
Part 1
Part 2
Throw because of the head
For a spear throw, the hand is brought over a shoulder. A distance for performance – a direct strip, about 400 m long. The zone of throwing is limited to line for which it is impossible to come in a jump.
Whether you know? The majority of sports, including throwing, initially had practically no rules, and those that are used in competitions today, were defined and generalized in the 19th century.
Technology of performance includes three stages:
- running start;
- main action;
- braking.
The spear is clasped with a palm so that to hold it two fingers: big together with index or together with an average. Other fingers cover a staff. The little finger rests against a palm.
Feature of a modern spear – lightweight and the displaced center of gravity. The maximum flying range of such spear does not exceed 100 m. Running start range – 15–20 m. Technology of performance:
- The athlete departs to the far-away country of a distance. The hand with a shell is raised over an ear, the tip of a spear is slightly raised.
- Taking the first step, the hand with a spear is taken away back, and the shell is leveled in the horizontal plane. The hand with a spear becomes perpendicular to a breast.
- To the third step the hand becomes straight for a throw, the athlete makes a start legs and throws a shell.
The hand with a grenade is also brought over a shoulder. The throw can be carried out from the place, from jump or in running start.
Important! Energy for a throw is made by legs at the time of a push, but not hands. Legs work as the whip adjusting a shell. Hands only keep energy, give it the direction and finish a throw.
With turn
Discus throw – the most ancient type of sports throwing. Athletes with a disk are represented on numerous Greek amphoras and frescos. Ancient Greeks threw a disk from the eminence.
With revival of the Olympic Games the disk began to be thrown from the limited sector, as well as a kernel. The throw is carried out by one hand, acceleration arises from rotation of a disk. Throw of discus or hammer is carried out with a departure corner about 35 degrees. The modern disk has slightly curved form for improvement of its aerodynamics. Athletes consider that the main thing in a throw of a disk is to catch the direction of wind and "to put a disk" on an air flow. Such disk moves exactly and beautifully.
Technology of performance:
- The disk is located on the divorced fingers of a hand and is kept by phalanxes.
- The athlete departs to a distant part of a zone of a throw as the movement will be carried out in the platform.
- The athlete bends the right leg, passing into a semi-squat, the center of gravity moves to the same leg.
- The left leg turns so that its emphasis is the share of a sock. Legs are in one line.
- The body of the athlete bends in the party opposite to the direction of a throw.
- The hand with a disk is raised up. The disk is still held only by fingers.
- The movement of hands reminds the pendulum: they move down, and then again up. At this moment the body weight is redistributed on other leg.
- The athlete begins to rotate for a set of kinetic energy. And then carries out a throw breakthrough of the case together with a disk.
The equipment of hammer throw differs from a disk throw. The hammer keeps for the handle. The athlete is as it is possible closer to the center of the platform. The hammer is held two hands for the handle and sent to flight by rotation. It is usually bright carry out from three or four turns.
Whether you know? Frantisek Yanda-Suk (František Janda-Suk) is an athlete from Bohemia who constructed the equipment of a throw of a disk on rotation of all body, having accepted as an example the well-known statue of the Discus thrower (the sculptor Miron, the 5th century BC). This equipment and the Discus thrower brought to the athlete a silver medal at the Olympic Games in 1900.
Basic rules
In competitions throwing is affected by the following rules:
- Time for performance – 2 minutes. If during this time the throw is not executed – the throw will not be set off.
- It is impossible to leave zone limits for throwing, to take up abroad.
- It is impossible to concern a level or anything behind a throwing zone.
- For landing of a shell the special zone noted by tags is taken away. If the shell falls out of this zone – the attempt will not be considered.
- It is possible to leave the sector for a throw only after landing of a shell.
Technology of throwing
The equipment is influenced by a shell form, mass and convenience of a throw. Therefore for each shell – it is the. In general it is possible to note the general stages for performance:
- preparation;
- running start;
- throw;
- braking.
The main objective of preparation is to give to a shell the largest speed. At the time of a set of energy or running start of a muscle of a humeral belt and a forearm create the speed of the movement to a shell. Then muscles of the lower extremities and a trunk get into gear. The correct trajectory of flight depends on them.
Important! The fact that the body has to entrain a shell is extremely important and set a trajectory, but not direct behind a shell. These are two essentially different muscular efforts.
Shell continence
The shell needs to be held by means of one hand. An exception – a hammer, it is necessary to hold it with two hands. The point of contact has to promote the correct fixing which will be optimum at the time of a throw and will not allow to fall or change the direction at the time of a set of energy.
Position of a hand depends on technology of performance of a throw: at the level of a shoulder, over the head, before. The correct position of hands for each shell is in detail described in technology of performance of a throw. It is very important to strengthen hand muscles as force of a hand affects effectiveness of a throw and its range.
It is important! If at you it is impossible to throw a shell far – reduce weight, perfect the equipment of a throw and do exercises on strengthening of muscles.
Preparation for running start and running start
There are two technicians of running start:
- Spasmodic on a straight line (for a spear and a grenade).
- Rotary (hammer, disk).
Movement with turn allows to increase not just the throw force, and force at once of time that will better affect result. At the same time the vector of speed of the athlete and a shell has to be equally directed with a vector of speed of the flying shell. Muscular groups join in formation of the movement from below up.
Muscles of legs begin to work, they give the movement to a trunk, then the humeral belt, forearms is connected. Finish the movement "athlete + shell" systems of a muscle of a brush. In a start of motion emphasis is usually placed on the leading (right) leg. Therefore the movement begins with it.
Final effort
Before final breakthrough, the athlete has to accept that pose which will allow to increase departure speed. Partially, the body accepts such pose under the influence of inertia of correctly executed previous movement.
Important! Anatomic the structure of a body of the woman is suitable for hammer throw more, than for other types. Length of a trunk of the woman concerning legs allows to keep better balance at rotation.
The center of gravity is displaced in the direction of a shell departure. Then the push legs and emission of a body follows forward. All saved-up energy is transferred to a shell, and the athlete passes to the next stage.
Departure and flight of a shell
The corner of a departure will define effectiveness of a throw. The angle in 30–45 degrees is considered optimum. The spear departure corner (30 degrees), and maximum – a hammer corner (45 degrees) will be minimum.
This parameter is influenced by aerodynamic features of a spear or disk, its starting speed, influence of wind on the platform and flight altitude. Resistance of air is considered for a spear and a disk as aerodynamic properties are characteristic of them. Braking is considered a minor phase. But if the athlete crosses platform borders, without having kept balance, then the attempt will not be set off. Here it is necessary to reduce the speed of the movement by transfer of body weight from a take-off foot then to adopt the static provision.
We recommend to get acquainted with technicians of performance of all types of long jumps.
Security measures
For participation in competitions use only of those shells which correspond set for parameters of a concrete type (length, weight) is allowed. It is not allowed to move on the sports ground at the time of flight of a shell.
As prevention of traumatism, also consider the following factors:
- for discus throw or a hammer the place of its throw is fenced with a special grid;
- all fastenings and grids are checked for reliability;
- shells have to be dry (even if on the platform there was a rain recently);
- before performance of a throw it is recommended to warm muscles warm-up;
- it is impossible to carry out throwings in the counter directions at the same time;
- before throwing, the command prevention surely sounds;
- at the time of a throw all have to look in the direction of the movement to manage to evade.
That your throws were productive, study technology of throwing. It not only will significantly raise indicators, but also will allow to avoid injuries: dislocations and sprains.
Whether you know? The hero of the Irish mythology Kukhulin was nice for interesting technique of javelin throw – "an elk throw". The soldier threw the spear into the opponent a leg from under water.
It is also important to learn to coordinate movements. Also you remember, in sport there is nothing impossible – everything depends on your desire and persistent work.