Ammonia is widely applied in the industry and in life. Solution of ammonia is called liquid ammonia. Also ammonia is used for production of fertilizers and dyes. It is possible to receive it in various ways.
Instruction
1. Ammonia represents gas which can decay on hydrogen and nitrogen. It is colourless and has a caustic smell. This substance has a number of features. First, ammonia is well soluble and therefore it is quite often delivered and applied in the dissolved look. For the same reason, in the presence of hydrogen communication of N...H-O this gas forms hydrate of ammonia and shows properties of the basis. Hydrate of NH3*H2O ammonia represents liquid with white crystals and a characteristic smell. At its contact with hydrochloric acid, white smoke is formed.
2. To receive ammonia hydrate, it is necessary to receive ammonia in the beginning. In laboratory the receiving ammonia is carried out by its replacement from NH4Cl, at the same time it is heated with soda lime: (at NaOH+CaO) NH4Cl=NH3 (in the presence of NaCl, CaCl, H2O).
3. In the industry ammonia is received, restoring nitrogen and hydrogen at the same time at high temperature.
4. Hydrate of ammonia is formed due to hydrogen communication of NH3...HOH. When boiling with NaOH the concentrated hydrate of ammonia decays on gas and water: NH3*H2O=NH3+H2O (in the presence of NaOH).
5. There are two types of solutions of this substance: diluted (from 3 to 10 percent) and concentrated (from 16 to 25 percent). The first solution differently is called liquid ammonia, and the second - ammoniac water. Liquid ammonia is used in medicine, however it is necessary to remember that this solution is poisonous at its illiterate application. As ammonia has considerable reactionary ability, from it by chemical transformations a number of other substances, sometimes absolutely not similar to it on physical and chemical properties can be received.
6. In the past, ammonia was applied as coolant in so-called absorbing fridges. Now such fridges are issued only in the form of the small-sized and silent designs called minibars. Large fridges, for the purpose of decrease in power consumption, are almost everywhere transferred to a compression system today.