The classicism which arose in France in the 17th century in many respects relied on the ideas of antiquity and idea that laws of art are firm. The basic principle of classicism — creation of perfect masterpieces by accurately established rules. This strict principle had the impact on all art genres existing then.
Works of ancient art were recognized as examples of perfection and they were imitated by authors of classicism. The existing genres were brought into strict accord to its principles. In attention only eternal, sublime plots which were designed to establish connection of modern times and art of Ancient Greece and Rome were accepted.
Classicism genres in literature
Literary genres were divided by theorists of classicism into two groups: high and low. Odes, heroic songs and tragedies concerned the first. The tragedy was understood as existence of the conflict, most often between private interest and a debt to the state which always won the against the last. Thus, the effect of monumentalism, service to the prime targets and the exclusive importance of the events was reached. Kings and eminent political figures and also outstanding historic figures became heroes of works often. Comedies, fables and satirical works belonged to low genres. They were written with a spoken language, and representatives of the lowest estates were their heroes.
Sumarokov and Trediakovsky were the main domestic distributors of the ideas of classicism in literature.
The most important characteristic of literary works of classicism is the principle of trinity. It is meant as unity of time, the place and action in the work. It meant that development of a plot had to happen within a short period of time, in one room or the house. Otkhozhdeniye from these principles, introduction of additional plots or extension of actions in time was not allowed.
Classicism genres in painting and a sculpture
These spheres of art were subordinated to the same canons, as literature. The cloths and sculptures representing historical, mythological or religious plots belonged to high. More "terrestrial" genres, such as portrait, still life or landscape, were considered as low if had no communication with the specified subjects. Creation of a picture of the ideal world without possible dual treatments was the main task of artists of classicism. Both the defect, and virtue were absolute, rational approach and commitment to excellence of the world was declared in everything.
Classicism in other spheres of art
The same basic principles were followed also by composers with architects. In music paramount attention was paid to the solemn works singing of the dignity of the person and greatness of the state or to reminiscences on antique subjects.
The largest representatives of classicism in music consider Beethoven, Mozart and Haydn.
In architecture the communication of classicism with antiquity is traced most brightly. Architects not only used characteristic details of ancient Roman architecture, but also created full copies of the best samples of antique buildings. During this period there was a return to columns, simplicity and rationality of forms in combination with impressive scale of constructions.