Dizontogenez is a violation of mental development which can be shown at any age. Violation affects either mentality in general, or separate parts, and in Russia call it anomaly of development.
The diz prefix in the name of a disease means violation and to understand how it turns out, it is necessary to understand what is ontogenesis. Ontogenesis is a development of an organism from conception and to death. The term is applied to animals, plants and to people.
Ontogenesis is divided into 2 phases: prenatal – till the birth, post-natal – after the birth. And the most important part of post-natal ontogenesis mental development, especially at children's and teenage age when the personality and separate mental functions is created is considered.
Ontogenesis is not stable and is not static: in it stages of reaction and work of a brain change, and new reactions do not force out old, and change and subordinate them. Ontogenesis has four stages:
- motor which falls on the first year of life when the child learns to move;
- sensomotor when the child learns to move purposefully and begins to communicate is an age of a year to three;
- the affective stage covers the period from 3 to 12 years;
- ideatorny includes time when the teenager already takes out the judgments and conclusions, develops concepts.
Development of the child and teenager uneven: it goes more or less quietly, yet there will be no age crisis. Such crises three:
- 2-4 years;
- 6-8 years;
- 12-18 years.
Crisis breaks balance both in physiological, and in the mental plan therefore to reveal violation of mental development – dizontogenez – during such period more simply.
Reasons and options
It is considered that dizontogenez arises because of biological violations or because of education. However education whatever it was will not lead to this disease if the person has no physiological violations in a brain. If they are, then the wrong education will reveal them quicker and will enhance pathological behavior.
The reason of a dizontogenez – violation in maturing of structures of a brain and in its work. Such violations arise because of:
- defeats of genetic material – hereditary defects, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations;
- the defects received during the prenatal period: if future mother had a rubella, toxoplasmosis if it had heavy toxicoses, pre-natal infections if she took many hormonal drugs or suffered from medicinal intoxication;
- violations which the child received in the course of childbirth;
- infectious diseases of the child, intoxications and injuries;
- development of a tumor in early terms of the post-natal period.
Also other factors are very important: time of damage of a brain (the earlier, the more terribly) what sites were damaged and as it is strong (the defeat, the worse is more extensive) and how intensive was damage.
Education and social factor influence too, especially badly with such violations will affect the child:
- hypo - and hyper guardianship;
- imperative education;
- the forcing education;
- the correcting education.
It harms because fixes at the child of reaction of imitation, a protest, refusal and opposition. And still creates to it a constant stress which very badly influences an organism in the physiological plan.
The mental dizontogenez has options. Different scientists called different number of such options, but if to reduce them to the general list, it will turn out:
- the delayed, damaged or distorted development;
- underdevelopment;
- irreversible development;
- disharmonious development;
- the regressing development with developing of degenerative diseases;
- alternating development and condition of an asinkhroniya;
- the changed development and schizophrenic processes.
Parameters of a dizontogenez
Parameters of a dizontogenez were developed by V.V. Lebedinsky, having taken as a basis L.S. Vygotsky's ideas. 4 parameters turned out, they define ontogenesis violation type.
The I parameter. It is connected with arrangement of damage and its influence. Happens two types: the general and private, and the first arises from violations in interaction of systems of bark and a subcortex of a brain, and the second from insufficiency of separate functions.
The II parameter. Here it is about defeat time. In development each of mental functions passes through such period when it is most vulnerable to influences. And if damage fell on such period and was strong, then and consequences will be more terrible.
The III parameter is connected with relationship between primary and secondary defect. Primary defects are a consequence of biological violations which appear from behind a disease. For example, when at the person sense organs are affected, his hearing or sight will incorrectly work. The secondary defect is how social human life is influenced by primary defect and what defeats it involves. For example, if the person became deaf, it will be more difficult for it to communicate with people, at it emotional and personal frustration can develop.
The IV parameter is connected with violation of interfunctional interaction. It means that at the person thinking and the speech is broken, he cannot build associative communications, the hierarchical type of interaction is inaccessible to him.
Sistemogenez and dizontogenez
Sistemogenez is a fundamental law of development of an organism, it defines how nervous system at what speed functional systems, etc. will be created will be formed. And when development is broken, broken and sistemogenez.
At the person the asinkhroniya to which two processes are peculiar develops: retardation and acceleration. Retardation – delay or a stop of formation. Acceleration is a rapid development of one function to the detriment of another.
Asinkhroniya gives to the child with abnormal development such regularities:
- it is difficult for it to work with information – to perceive it, to overwork or remember;
- difficult or it is impossible to transfer information verbally;
- process of formation of concepts slows down;
- intellectual development is broken;
- the speech develops incorrectly;
- the motive sphere develops insufficiently.
Types of a dizontogenez
Each look unites several damages therefore they turn out much. However main types of a dizontogenez six:
- The delayed development when the rate of all mental development in the child slows down. Such pathology arises if organic damages of a cerebral cortex were weak, and as a result of long and serious somatic illnesses.
- The underdevelopment is a lag of all functions because of organic damage of a brain. The most frequent form – mental retardation.
- The damaged mental development. At the same time mental development begins the reason – massive injuries of a brain, a disease of hereditary character, a neuroinfection is broken after three years. The frequent form is organic dementia.
- Deficiental mental development. It is pathology at which mental development is broken at insufficiency of analizatorny systems – a musculokinetic system, hearing or sight.
- The distorted mental development at which different options of the general underdevelopment are combined: the detainee accelerated or damaged. The reason of they are such hereditary diseases as schizophrenia or insufficiency of exchange processes. The most frequent form – early children's autism.
- Disharmonious mental development is a violation of formation of the emotional and strong-willed sphere. Carry to this type of a dizontogenez a psychopathia and pathological personal development because of very bad conditions of education.