Lysosomes call the cellular structures containing enzymes which split proteins, nucleinic acids, polysaccharides, peptides. They are very different by the size and a form. Lysosomes contain in cages of any animals and vegetable organisms. It is possible to consider these polymorphic formations only by means of an electronic microscope.
For the first time these organellas were opened by the Belgian biochemist De Duv in 1955 by means of differential centrifugation. The simplest lysosomes (primary) represent the bubbles with homogeneous contents which are localized about Golgi's device. Secondary are formed of primary lysosomes in the course of a fagotsitoz or as a result of an autoliz. Lysosomes provide with additional food chemical and power processes in cages, carrying out digestion of organic particles. Enzymes of lysosomes split polymeric connections to monomers which can be acquired by a cage. About 40 enzymes which are contained in these formations are known are various proteases, nucleases, glikozidaza, phospholipases, lipases, phosphatases and sulfataza. At starvation of a cage they begin to digest some organelles. Such partial digestion provides to cages for short time a necessary minimum of nutrients. Enzymes are sometimes released at destruction of a membrane. Usually in this case they are inactivated in cytoplasm, but at one-stage destruction of all lysosomes there can be a self-destruction of a cage — avtoliz. Distinguish usual and pathological avtoliz. An example of pathological — posthumous avtoliz fabrics. In certain cases lysosomes digest the whole cages or even groups of cages, playing an essential role in development.
As a result of process of an autoliz other kind of secondary lysosomes – autolizosoma appears. Autoliz is a digestion of the structures belonging to the cage. Life of cellular structures is not infinite, old organelles die off, lysosomes begin to digest them. Monomers which the cage can also use are formed. Sometimes because of the broken function of lysosomes accumulation diseases develop. Genetic defects of lizosomny enzymes are connected with some rare hereditary diseases.