Look – the grammatical category characterizing a verb in terms of time of performance of action, its completeness or incompleteness. In Russian the verbs can be perfective and imperfective aspect. Also distinguish bi-aspectual verbs.
Instruction
1. The main way to define a verbal aspect is to ask to it an appropriate question. In an uncertain form of a verb (infinitive) it is the questions "what to do / what to make?". The verb answering the question "what to make?" will show that action or is already complete in time, or did not begin yet. Anyway, it does not occur at present. Means, it is a verb of perfective aspect. If the verb answers the question "what to do?", it shows that action proceeds in time at present that it was not made yet. Therefore, before you a verb of imperfective aspect.
2. Definition of a look on questions – the easiest and reliable way. It is easy to remember it: if in the asked question there is prefix "C", then a verb of perfective aspect. If there is no prefix – imperfective aspect. At the same time forms of questions can change depending on a verb form: for example, the questions "what to make", "what made", "what will make" can be set only to verbs of perfective aspect (since they have prefix "C"), at the same time verb time for its look does not influence. The same process is observed also at verbs of imperfective aspect.
3. It is possible to distinguish perfect and imperfect verbal aspects and on formal grounds. As a rule, verbs of imperfective aspect are formed from verbs of perfective aspect in the suffixal way. - a willow - - yva-: to tell → I tell. - va-: to cover → to cover. - and - - I am: to save → to save. In these aspectual pairs the first verb (making) perfective aspect, and second (derivative) – imperfect.
4. Verbs of imperfective aspect can form verbs of perfective aspect in the following ways: Prefixal. on-: to learn → to teach. on-: to build → to construct. about-: to speak → to speak. Suffixal. - well-: to get used → to get used. In data the couples first verb has imperfective aspect, and the second – perfect. Pay attention that in this case not only the formal type and a form of a verb, but also its lexical meaning changes.
5. Bi-aspectual verbs should be considered only in a context. Depending on a speech situation they can be verbs of perfective or imperfective aspect. Let's review an example from work H. B. by Gogol. Whether "You will order, I order to give a rug?" We ask a question to a word "I order". In this context: I (what I will make?) I order. Verb of perfective aspect. However if "I order" to consider a verb in the present, then the question to it will be "what I do": therefore, the aspect will be imperfective.