Escape call a stalk with leaves and kidneys. The stalk is its axial part, leaves – side. The last develop in knots between which sites are called interstices.
Instruction
1. The stalk creates a plant framework, takes out leaves to light and carries out water, mineral and organic matter. In it reserves of nutrients can be postponed. On a stalk not only leaves, but also flowers and also fruits with seeds develop. The main functions of leaves is a photosynthesis, evaporation of water and gas exchange with the environment.
2. Modified escapes perform additional functions in plant life. A number of perennial grassy plants have underground peculiar storerooms. Them are also modified underground escapes – rhizomes, bulbs, tubers. Elevated parts annually die off by fall.
3. In rhizomes, bulbs and tubers spare nutrients are laid for winter. The rhizome is present at a nettle, a lily of the valley, an iris, a wheat grass, an aspidistra. Externally it is similar to a root, but are available for it top and pazushny kidneys, and a role of modified leaves are played by filmy scales. From a rhizome grow additional roots, and top and pazushny kidneys give rise to young elevated escapes. At the same time the plant uses the substances reserved in the fall.
4. By means of a rhizome, as well as other modified escapes vegetative reproduction of plants can be carried out. Having landed a part of a rhizome with a kidney and roots to the soil, it is possible to receive a new, independent vegetable organism. Some ornamental plants breed fragmentation of a rhizome.
5. Tubers can be observed at potatoes, a girasol (earth pear), a crested bird. From the bases of elevated stalks the underground escapes called hundred-bosoms expand. Top thickenings of the last are also tubers.
6. On the top surface of a tuber it is possible to see eyes is modified kidneys. A bottom side the tuber connects to underground escape. As well as at a stalk, at a tuber on a cross-section it is possible to allocate several characteristic layers: stopper, bass, wood and core. All these signs prove that the tuber is a modified escape.
7. Nutrients from leaves continuously flow to tubers through stalks and stolona. Thus these tops of underground escapes are saturated with starch and increase in sizes.
8. Bulbs are characteristic of tulips, lilies, onions, a wild-growing gagea, narcissuses. Their lower part is presented by the flattened modified stalk – a collum on which grow scales (modified leaves). Outside of scales usually leathery and dry, and inside fleshy and juicy. In them stock up water, sugar and other valuable substances. In bosoms cheshuy on a collum kidneys are located. When jumping to the earth from a bulb the mochkovaty root system grows, and from kidneys children – young lukovichka develop.