The base forms the basis of any house. Construction of construction begins with preparation of site and laying of such basis. To provide to the house durability, the base has to be reliable and strong. In modern construction several types of the bases differing with technology of their construction are used.
General information about the bases
The base of the building performs important function, its task is to sustain the weight of the house and it is reliable to distribute it on all surface of the square of construction. The main requirement to such basis is that it has to be extremely reliable, that is not have distortions, not settle and not crack. Only exact respect for technology and rules of construction of the base can provide such properties.
Preparing for construction of the house, it is necessary to consider that the cost of installation of the base can be 20% of the general estimate of expenses on construction. But you should not save on rigid base of the building at all.
If the base is put poor, it will be extremely difficult to correct errors and flaws subsequently.
For construction of the modern bases of residential buildings widely use brick, concrete and reinforced concrete. Also combinations of different materials, including sand, filling brick, wooden and metal parts are applied. Separate views of the bases demand preliminary construction of timbering and filling by its cement and also additional reinforcing. The bases conditionally separate into two big types: on pile and on those that build on natural basis. The last type depending on form and way of setting on soil includes the continuous, plate and column footings. Without special knowledge and construction preparation it is not always possible to define in the accuracy what type of the base is required for specific construction. Here the nature of the soil, depth of its freezing, availability of ground waters matters. It is not necessary to exclude from consideration also the number of floors of future construction and type of task. To make the correct decision, it is necessary to have at least initial idea of what bases happen.
Base of tape type
Continuous footing differs in simplicity of technology and more often than other types is applied in individual low construction. At the same time certain labor input and essential consumption of construction materials is inherent to it. Inherently continuous footing represents strip from reinforced concrete which goes directly on perimeter of future building. Such film is created under all walls of the building, including internal partitions. Continuous footing keeps section form on all perimeter. The base of this kind should be chosen if the house with the brick, stone or concrete walls having rather heavy overlappings is built. Fill in continuous footing slightly lower than the level of freezing of soil, but usually is not deeper than half a meter from earth surface. Thickness of the base is defined by material of walls, their thickness and rated pressure force of construction on soil. Distinguish the buried base of tape type and melkozaglublenny. The last type more is suitable for wooden houses. The device of the buried basis is good in case you are going to equip garage or the basement in the house.
Column base
The arrangement in all corners of the building and places of crossing of walls of special columns is characteristic of the base of this kind. It is applied mostly to houses of the facilitated design. The column base is reliable, economic and most often does not demand carrying out additional waterproofing works. The column base is some kind of system from the columns built in points which should bear increased load. Columns can be made of concrete or brick, the distance between constructive parts makes usually one and a half-two meters. The free space between separate columns, as a rule, is filled up with coarse sand or filling brick.
It is necessary to know that with the basement and garage the column base does not suit for construction of buildings.
Base of pile type
The pile base – the excellent decision for those cases when the building is built on not too steady soil. Most often such technologies apply at construction of the large-size buildings having several floors. Basis of all design – columns (piles) having the sharpened lower end. Piles twist or drive in into soil by means of the special equipment. Such big columns freely pass through mobile layers of earth, resting the ends against firmer basis. Each pile is capable to maintain loading in several tons. The top ends of piles connect horizontal beams, forming rugged and reliable construction.
Plate base
This view of the base represents reinforced concrete slab of monolithic type which is placed under all area of the building. The price of such base is rather high as its construction demands essential expenses on earthwork operations. Usually plate base is used in construction of small houses; at the same time the plate becomes the floor basis. The advantage of the plate base is that it can be used on any kind of soil, regardless of the level of groundwater occurrance. The monolithic plate is not afraid even of considerable shifts of layers of earth. On the plate base build frame and brick houses and also buildings of bar one high or even two floors.