The territory – a part of the land with the subsoil belonging to it, natural and artificial resources. The territory of any state is defined by its borders. But borders is not the physical object real-life on the earth's surface which can be seen or touched. From where do they undertake on geographical, political and physical maps?
Instruction
1. The borders dividing the states historically developed in the course of formation of these states or were defined as a result of various international agreements.
2. Initially, frontiers or borders between possession, the territory of dwelling of any given people passed on invisible lines of demarcation. The bed of the river (in this case the border passed on its middle), the line of a watershed – the ridge of the mountain could become such line. Such borders are called orographical.
3. Where territories were flat with not expressed relief, the line of borders could not connect with features of a relief. Such borders were indistinct and still are a subject of territorial disputes. They were defined geometrically – as the straight line connecting any two characteristic points of a land relief or just as the direction, a directional corner passed along a meridian or a parallel. Such type of borders, geometrical and geographical, is peculiar for the countries of Africa of which extensive desert and sparsely populated territories are characteristic.
4. Neighboring states sign among themselves the contracts approving the border passing between them. Directly on the area they can be established in the delimitation way as the set direction, or demarcation – with designation by its boundary posts and neutral zones.
5. Subsequently, by means of geodetic measurements, these borders were zakoordinirovana – for each nodal, rotary point of the line of border the directions were defined, flat coordinates and height above sea level are calculated. After determination of coordinates the drawing borders of the states on the cards and topographical site plans representing a projection of the earth's surface to the plane became possible.