The modern philosophy differs first of all in what costs at the crossroads. The known categories and methods of former philosophical systems are not enough for service of needs of knowledge of the world any more. According to most of philosophers, their science is on the eve of the grandiose revolution.
Instruction
1. The term "philosophy" comes from Ancient Greek words φιλία (filia) – love, aspiration and σοφία (sofia) – wisdom and means "love for wisdom". Though exact definition of philosophy as sciences does not exist to this day, its sense did not change since the time of Aristotle and Platon. Already ancient Greeks formulated problems of philosophy: · Studying the most general, the main, laws of development of the nature and society.· Studying Ways of Knowledge of the World (gnoseology, logic). · Studying moral concepts (categories) and values – morals, ethics, an esthetics.
2. Philosophy – some kind of science over sciences prompting to all rest as it is necessary to learn the world. Both the ancient, and modern philosophy, as well as any other science, first of all asks questions fundamental: · Whether the world is learned? · What is the truth? · What initially – matter or consciousness? From the last point the question concerning many people follows: Whether "There is god?". Philosophers materialists claim that matter, and the reason generating the ideas including the idea of an almighty, omniscient and ubiquitous being – god – arose from unreasonable (inert) matter in the natural way is primary. They are objected by idealists: and how then there were laws of the nature under which in inert matter the reason arose? Who established them? Materialists put forward counterarguments: and how then there was god? From where did he undertake? Whether there are for him some restrictions? The person who definitely not god, obviously has free will. But then it turns out what god can do not everything? And, became, to be, he is not a god, and just the idea generated by reason to explain for itself unclear in the world.
3. Though it is not visible to a dispute of materialists with idealists of the end edge, that and others yield results, important for practice. It proves that philosophy – the most serious science, but not empty philosophizings as ignoramuses sometimes claim. The main problem of practical philosophy – development of paradigms for different fields of knowledge. The paradigm – too an Ancient Greek word παράδειγμα, the events in turn from παραδείκνυμι (it is read paradikvm – "I compare") Means it "an example, model, a sample". The paradigm can obviously not be expressed (words, formulas), and to be present at subconsciousness. But anyway the paradigm develops on the basis of strongly established facts. The philosophy develops ways of finding of paradigms. One of them based on laws of logic and which is very widely applied illustrates the drawing. But also others are possible, thinner.
4. Without paradigms any science would reach a deadlock for a long time. Examples of fruitless and ruinous efforts of inventors of the perpetual motion machine show, the foremost paradigm of physics – the law of energy conservation how is important. There are paradigms and not so global, but all the same indestructible. For example, in agronomics this idea that the plant during vegetation has to receive for fructification of light energy not less certain quantity. Therefore reasonings supposedly as a result of global warming on coast of Dnieper will grow bananas – ignorant dreams of extreme nationalists. Does not give the Sun in middle latitudes for all year so much light how many it is necessary for a tropical plant to banana.
5. Philosophers defined the general scheme of development of any science for a long time: · Allocation of a paradigm on the basis of the experimental data as shows the drawing to article.· development of science on the way of use of the known experimental data (normal science). · Gradual accumulation of the inexplicable facts and contradictions.· of Rasplyvaniye of the existing paradigms in abstract chaos.· development of a new paradigm (paradigms) – scientific revolution. Philosophy – science valid, objective. She submits to the objective ("correct") laws established by it. And the main feature of modern philosophy is that it is on the eve of the revolution. All set of scientific knowledge became complicated so that one philosophy is not enough for all any more. Except separate philosophies of knowledge, morals, art and many, many others, it is necessary to enter into science philosophy, for example, medicine and even philosophy of design. And at the same time also the main issue of creation of a system of categories in the philosophy is not solved so far: how to bring them not out of already existing representations, and out of the principle of unity of consciousness? For this purpose it should reconcile on something extraordinary general materialists with idealists. When will revolution in the philosophy, equal which was not since Ancient Greece begin? Whether there will be a certain philosophy over philosophies? What it will be? There is a lot of philosophical disputes over this occasion, but criterion of the truth will be, as always and everywhere, practice.