Geography – the system of the social and natural sciences studying natural and industrial territorial complexes and components. Such combination of disciplines within one science is close interrelation between community of a scientific task and the studied objects.
Initially the geography was a peculiar encyclopedic set of knowledge of the nature, economy of different areas, the population. Subsequently on this knowledge the system of geographical sciences was created. Process of differentiation influenced division of science, i.e. on the one hand studying natural components (climate, the soil, reliefs), farms (agriculture, the industry), the population, and on the other hand on need of a synthetic research of territorial combinations of these components. In the system of geography it is allocated: - physiographic, or natural science to which it is possible to carry physical geography (a landshaftovedeniye, land tenure, paleogeography), geomorphology, climatology, a hydrology of sushi, oceanology, glaciology, geocryology, biogeography and geography of the soil; - social geographical science, i.e. regional and general economic geography, geography of industries (agriculture, industry, transport), geography of the population and political geography; - the cartography which is technical science, but at the same time comes into this system into force of community of the main objectives and the purposes with other geographical sciences; - the regional geography studying combination of data on the nature, economy and the population on certain areas and the countries; - except geographical sciences the uniform system of geography includes also other disciplines, generally applied character, - military geography and medical geography. At the same time many geographical disciplines belong to some extent to other systems of sciences (biological, economic, geological), due to the lack of sharp sides between sciences. Along with the uniform purposes each discipline entering geography investigates own object which is learned by the different methods necessary for comprehensive and its deep study. All sciences have the general-theoretical and regional parts and applied sections. The last sometimes unites under the name "applied geography", however do not form independent science. Geographical disciplines in the conclusions lean on materials of the researches conducted by stationary and forwarding methods and accompanied with mapping.