The biosphere, by Vladimir Vernadsky's definition, is an external cover of Earth, the field of distribution of life. The biosphere began the formation about 4 billion years ago. It is in continuous development and at the same time is an equilibrium system.
Includes elements of a biosferybiosfer (from Greek bios - life, sphera - the sphere, a sphere): - live substance - all living organisms; - biogenous substance - the products generated by live substance (peat, oil, etc.); - bioinert substance - the products which are formed in interaction of live substance with inanimate nature (soil); - inert substance - the substance formed by the processes happening in inanimate nature (rocks). As developed to a biosferavnachala living organisms used only organic compounds from the ocean. The carbon dioxide which is emitted in hydrogen - anaerobic organisms (from Greek aer - air, an - denial) was a product of exchange. In the course of the activity they did methane of carbon dioxide: CO2 + 4H2 = CH4 + 2H2O + E.Reaktsiya proceeds with formation of water and allocation of the energy used by anaerobic organisms for life. Methane under the influence of ultra-violet radiation became organic compound again; then it was returned to the ocean. Concentration of methane in the atmosphere, according to scientists, remained approximately at the same level. Eventually in the atmosphere also hydrogen reserves were exhausted. Metanoobrazuyushchy bacteria lost a power source. The new form of obtaining energy and a metabolism was necessary. Photosynthesis - process of receiving organic matter and energy of carbon dioxide on light became such form. At the first microorganisms practicing photosynthesis it proceeded without release of oxygen. There were photosynthesizing organisms emitting oxygen in the atmosphere later. The atmosphere of Earth gradually changed. In it more and more oxygen appeared. Modern level of oxygen in the atmosphere is 21%. Further there were organisms capable to take energy for life from oxygen. With the advent of the aerobic organisms (using oxygen) the biosphere of Earth began to develop promptly. Aerobic organisms in the course of breath consumed oxygen, and emitted the carbon dioxide necessary for other organisms for photosynthesis. Thus, the biosphere is a cover of Earth in which continuously there are processes of synthesis and disintegration of organic matter. A ratio of processes of synthesis and disintegration - size changeable, changing throughout time. But in general, the biosphere - a stable system which all elements are interconnected among themselves.