Grapes - hardy plant can be also reconciled with some omissions on leaving, but he demands obligatory forming of bushes and annual cutting of rods. Without it bushes quickly run wild, give fruitless growth escapes.
Grapes - plant thermophilic. Except selection of the steady and growing ripe grades, heeling of bushes for the winter is obligatory. For landing it is necessary to select warmer places from South side, under good protection against cold winds - on sunny side of fences, houses, other buildings. Deep prelanding soil cultivation - the continuous autumn pass of the site in ranks with digging of landing holes to meter width and depth is required. Deep landing of saplings, the subwinter shelter protect them from podmerzaniye.
Grapes easily breed shanks (chubuk) and layers. Basic rules of landing and leaving following.
Density of landing (depending on force of growth of plant) - 3-3.5 meters between ranks, 2-3 meters among. Landing time - the first half of May. Before landing 1-2 days otmachivat saplings or shanks in water, roots cut at the length of 15-20 cm, damaged delete. Eyes (kidneys) on escape check for viability, and shorten escape to healthy peephole. The escape is stronger, the sapling is better.
Plant sapling as it is possible more deeply, leaving only one top peephole at the level of the soil. If escape is strongly shortened and has 1-2 peepholes, sapling put 15-20 cm below than the level of the soil, leaving around bush deepening for charge the mulching material. When landing the sapling is established in landing hole on hillock of the good friable soil, slightly obliquely, by top in the direction of row, to stake (the stake is necessary for garter of young escape). Roots straighten in the parties and cover prime with earth top layer 2/3 depths. The earth around sapling is well condensed and watered (water bucket). When water is absorbed, the hole is covered with earth to top, and around sapling do hole and again watered. Then the watered hole is powdered with the friable earth that there was no crust. The top peephole of sapling is hilled hillock in 2-3 cm, the hole is mulched humus to protect from drying.
In the first year it is important to achieve good rooting of bush. Grow up only one strong escape, monitoring ripening of the lower eyes that is necessary for the subsequent forming of bush and acceleration of fructification. For this purpose apply mulching of holes, loosening and weeding of strips, additional watering and fertilizing by dung water or solution of ammonium nitrate in the first half of summer (1-2 liters or 25-30 g of saltpeter on water bucket on bush), (have overgrown) garter of growth escape and removal of superfluous.
For the best ripening of rods at the end of July bring solution on 50 g of superphosphate and 25 g of potash salt on one bucket on bush. Before approach of autumn frosts the young bushes should be watered (1-2 buckets of water in case of dry pochvy0, to hill rods the friable earth on height of 15-20 cm.
After frosts, in the first decade of October, rods cut also length of the ripened wood. That at rewintering of bushes in trenches under the shelter the mold has not appeared, before laying the bushes spray with solution of iron vitriol (10%) in mix with sulphuric acid (1%), or solution of copper vitriol (5%) without lime addition. The rod is dried and bent down to the earth, closed the warming material. The earth for heeling is taken from row-spacings. Carry out autumn redigging on shovel bayonet, privalivy the earth to bushes. Before approach of hard frosts the bushes need to be covered completely. Snow retention, additional earthing up of bushes snow also promote successful rewintering of grapes.
In the spring when the soil thaws and about 10 degrees of heat will get warm, begins sokodvizheny rods of grapes. To this term the bushes have to be open from winter tire. In case of danger of spring frosts the young escapes cover with paper, mats, apply smoking, etc.
Important work - forming of young bushes by means of cutting, preparation for fructification. In the first 3-4 years after landing the fan forming is created. 4-8 sleeves located on 2-4 from each party of bush are characteristic of it. On sleeves form the fruit links consisting of knot of replacement and the fructifying rod. For 3-4 year the young bush can yield the first harvest. For this purpose on horns of each sleeve it is necessary to leave one above-located and well developed escape on fructification, that is to cut off on 2-3 peepholes - for cultivation of escapes of replacement and tie up vertically. Such order of cutting of fruit links on fructification and replacement is applied in the fall annually.