The world of animals and plants is very different and to study it sometimes very fascinatingly. One of the most interesting phenomena in biology is the mutualizm.
What is a mutualizm
Mutualizm is such form of interaction of living beings at which each of participants of relationship becomes a necessary condition of survival of another. As the reason of such vital cooperation production of livelihood from one being can act, as a rule, and protection against dangerous predators from another. Only thanks to a mutualizm some living organisms are capable to grow, develop, breed and even to evolve.
What the mutualizm differs from symbiosis in
Very often the mutualizm is confused with such biological concept as "symbiosis". But symbiosis is more extensive term which means in itself(himself) not only the cohabitation favorable to representatives of both populations, but also any type of relationship between animals which is favorable at least to one of participants of these relations. The most bright example is the parasitism – such state of affairs is very favorable to a parasite, and to the carrier does only harm. It is safely possible to call this example symbiosis, but definitely not a mutualizm. Their main difference also consists in it. At the same time any examples of a mutualizm can be carried to symbiosis.
Types of the mutualistichesky relations
Obligate mutualizm-it is such type of the mutualistichesky relations at which representatives of two populations under natural conditions of dwelling cannot survive the friend without friend. The most typical example of such vital cooperation is the cow and bacteria living in it. For microbes during evolution in a cow organism even the separate body – a hem in which they also live was created. The fact is that digestive tract of cows cannot digest cellulose, and microbes – can. Food comes to a hem where microbes eat, in passing destroying and processing cellulose. Without hem the cow will not be able to survive. Too live in a human body millions of useful bacteria which help to digest food, receiving at the same time nutrients.
The optional mutualizm – such type of cohabitation of living organisms at which everyone receives benefit from interaction, but can exist and develop and separately from the partner. Still it is possible to call such type of the relations protocooperation. An example is the bird voloklyuy. She sits down on backs of the mammals living in Africa, cleaning off from their skin of insects and parasites. So it gets to itself food, and large animals get rid of unpleasant feelings and possible diseases. At the same time the bird can find to herself livelihood in other place, and the animal can live also with external parasites. Very similar situation is observed also in the water environment: there are fishes cleaners who eat from a surface of larger species of fish the died-off cages, bacteria and parasites. In this case we also observe an optional mutualizm – cleaners receive food, and large individuals – the clean surface of a body.