Adrenal glands are the pair endocrine glands of the highest vertebrate animals and the person adjacent to the top poles of kidneys. The mass of both adrenal glands of the person is about 10-14 g, these glands produce the hormones influencing all types of a metabolism.
Instruction
1. In each adrenal gland there are two layers — external cortical and internal brain. They are independent sekretorny bodies and produce hormones of various nature of action. The cortical layer is constructed of steroidogenny fabric which produces steroid hormones. Internal brain substance is formed by chromaffine fabric, it produces katekholaminovy hormones.
2. Corticosteroids are hormones of a cortical layer, they participate in regulation of a metabolism, influence a tone of blood vessels and immunity, provide resistance of an organism to various stresses and constancy of his internal environment. Release of these hormones is controlled by a hypophysis.
3. Cages of a cortical layer produce the hormones regulating proteinaceous, carbohydrate, fat and mineral exchange. These hormones influence the level of potassium and sodium in blood, maintain in it a certain concentration of glucose. With their participation the education and adjournment of a glycogen in muscles and a liver increases, adrenal glands perform these functions together with pancreas hormones.
4. At hyperfunction of a cortical layer of adrenal glands Addisonova a disease develops, still I call it bronze. The bronze shade of skin and also increased fatigue, muscle weakness, decrease in immunity is characteristic of this disease.
5. The brain layer of adrenal glands emits adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones are produced at strong emotions — pain, anger, a fright, for example, at emergence of danger. Intake of these hormones in blood helps to regulate the vital functions of an organism.
6. Hormones of a brain layer of adrenal glands cause tachycardia, increase in arterial blood pressure and also narrowing of blood vessels, the exception is made by vessels of a brain and heart. At their receipt in blood the splitting of a glycogen to glucose in cells of a liver and muscles amplifies, the excitability of a retina increases, operation of vestibular and acoustical devices improves. Under the influence of these hormones the muscles of lungs relax and there is an oppression of a vermicular movement of intestines.
7. Biologically active agents of a brain layer help to adapt to adverse effects of the environment, for example, when cooling or physical overworks. There is a reorganization of functions of an organism under the influence of extraordinary irritants, its forces will be mobilized for transferring of stressful situations.