Information is an important element without which communication implementation is impossible. Any words, even incoherent, are already information according to which at least it is possible to judge in what state there is a person.
Instruction
1. The classical theory of information transfer through communication is created by K. Shannon and U. Uiver in 1949. In it they describe the general concepts of communication.
2. There are seven objects making the scheme of information transfer: transmitter and receiver, directly information, code, communication channel, noise and feedback.
3. Both people, and the whole countries can be the transmitter and the receiver, or the communicant and the recipient. The communicant and the recipient during dialogue constantly change roles.
4. Information – represents a set of signals and signs which are transmitted by the communicant to the recipient, and the code – an order of these symbols. The most known code is the grammar.
5. The communication channel is the bridge from the transmitter to the receiver: it can be a human voice, phone, the book and many other things that can transfer information encrypted in the code.
6. Noise are barriers in perception of information. Shumov is a large number: physical, physiological, semantic, sociological, etc. They also bear in themselves information, but it often is unnecessary, and sometimes and harmful to the general perception of the message.
7. Feedback assumes reaction of the receiver to the obtained information.
8. Signs are a form of existence of information. Definition of the sign belongs to Ch. Pearce and it sounds as "the sign is something, presenting something to someone with some purpose".
9. The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure on the basis of the researches allocated two components in the sign: means of expression, or "designated" both representation and assessment which is caused by "designated". The second component carries the name — "meant". The sound, the written text, pictures can be means of expression. For example, when look at a set of any letters creating a word imagine as this word can look or experience in relation to it any emotions. It is also interrelation "designated" and "meant".
10. Signs define values. The value is contents of information. It happens two types: designation of an object and its reflection, or objective value, and assessment by the subject of this object, or subjective value.
11. Ch. Morris allocated the functions of signs connected with human behavior and estimates: an ukazatelnost — the direction of attention to an object, estimation — focus on quality of an object, and a predpisatelnost — pushing to a certain action concerning an object.