Hybridization is called process of receiving hybrids – the plants or animals who came from a skreshcheniye of different grades and breeds. The word a hybrid (hibrida) is translated from Latin as "hybrid".
Hybridization: natural and artificial
Process of hybridization in biology is based on association in one cell of genetic material of different cages from different individuals. Intraspecific hybridization and remote at which there is a connection of different genomes differs. In the nature the natural hybridization happened and happens without participation of the person constantly. Being exactly crossed in a look, plants changed and improved and new grades and breeds of animals appeared. In terms of chemistry there is a hybridization of DNA, nucleinic acids, changes at the atomic and intratomic levels.
In the academic chemistry the hybridization is understood as specific interaction in molecules of substance of atomic orbitals. But it is not real physical process, and only hypothetical model, the concept.
Hybrids in crop production
In 1694 the German scientist R. Kamerarius suggested to receive hybrids artificially. And in 1717 the English gardener T. Ferchaydl for the first time crossed different types of carnations. Today intraspecific hybridization of plants is made for the purpose of receiving the high-yielding or adapted, for example, frost-resistant grades. Hybridization of forms and grades is one of methods of selection of plants. Thus a huge number of modern grades of crops is created. At the remote hybridization when representatives of different types are crossed and there is an association of different genomes, the received hybrids in most cases do not give posterity or make hybrids of poor quality. For this reason there is no sense to leave seeds of the cucumbers hybrids which ripened on a bed, and every time to buy their seeds in specialized shop.
Selection in livestock production
In fauna the natural hybridization, both intraspecific, and remote, also takes place. Mules were known to the person for two thousand years B.C. And now the mule and the hinny is used in a household as rather cheap working animal. However, such hybridization is trans-species therefore males hybrids are born surely sterile. Females very seldom can give posterity.
The mule is a hybrid of a mare and donkey. The hybrid received from crossing of a stallion and a she-ass is called the hinny. Specially mules get divorced. They are higher and stronger than the hinny.
And here crossing of a domestic dog with a wolf was very widespread occupation at hunters. Then, the received posterity was exposed to further selection, new breeds of dog were as a result created. Today selection of pets – an important component of success of the branch of livestock production. Hybridization is carried out purposefully, with orientation to the set parameters.