"High jumps: history, types, technology of performance

High jumps — track and field athletics discipline which demands from the jumper of good coordination of movements and ability to jump high. More than 120 years this sport is Olympic.

History and development

Let's consider how ancient and also modern athletes developed the described type of gymnastics.

Learn as it is correct to jump through a goat.

Ancient

Athletes of some countries since ancient times did this sport:

• Germans created sports communities where along with exercises on various shells they jumped in height two legs through a crossbeam;
• some inhabitants of Africa on public celebrations constantly competed in this type of track and field athletics.

And in the homeland of the Olympic Games (in Ancient Greece) for all their history this discipline was never presented.

Whether you know? Ancestors of Germans liked to compete: competitions in "a royal pryg" — to ability to jump over a rank from several horses standing in a row were popular with them.

Modern

If to speak about not too distant past, then chronicles of the 19th century mention several names of the athletes who caused a stir in uncommon spring ability:

• Karl Müller (Germany). Easily jumped over height equal to his chin (unfortunately, height of its growth remained the unknown);
• Robert Gooch (England). The champion of 1859 (a jump through a crossbeam 170 cm high). Showed a unique jump: made running start at an acute angle, imitating legs the movement of scissors;
• Robert Meych (England). Winner of 1864 (167.4 m).

The XX century was marked by large victories of athletes jumpers too. Here some of them:

• Gehry Poter (USA), champion of the Olympic Games of 1908 (190.5 m);
• George Horayn, at the Games of 1912 (2 meters);
• Ethel Kezervud (Canada), champion of the Olympic Games of 1928 (159 cm);
• Stirs in 1941 became (USA) the world record-holder (211 cm);
• Iolanda Balasci (Romania), champion of 1960, 1964 (191 cm);
• Dick Fosbury, 1968 (224 cm);
• Vladimir Yashchenko (USSR) in 1978 (235 cm) and other champions.

Types of high jumps

Distinguish two types of the described jumps:

• from the place without pole;
• with a pole.

Whether you know? It is easier for high athletes to jump in height: the center of masses at them above, therefore, rise in their weight is made on height, a little smaller, than at other jumpers.

Here several ways of their commission:

1. Having run up (the angle of running start 90 °) and having made a start, the bent swing extremity transition over a level (crossbeam) becomes. In the course of flight the take-off foot is tightened to swing before achievement by knees of both extremities of a thorax. Landing — on both lower extremities. Because the case top in the course of exercise is straightened, the case moves on very high arch over a crossbeam.
2. In the way of step (scissors). The break off (a corner 40 °), pushing away, and the straightened swing extremity is quickly lifted over a crossbeam. In the top point there is a sharp braking, then it is quickly lowered. Synchronous action the jog extremity is thrown through a level, and case top as it is possible it is closer located to this extremity. Falling is made on a swing extremity.
3. Serves as the subsequent development of the last way scissors, today it is seldom applied.
4. It was widely used to the middle of the XX century and had distinctive feature — a push the lower extremity located closer to a crossbeam. The athlete runs up (at an angle 45 °) and, having made a start, makes a wave to a crossbeam the straightened swing extremity. The case turns to a crossbeam, and tightens a jog extremity to chest department. The athlete sideways overcomes a crossbeam, being extended along it, and later falls by the upper extremities and the leg making a push.
5. Cross over. The subsequent improvement of the previous method with the only difference: bigger turn of a body (down a stomach) during a jump in a pose through a crossbeam. The athlete runs up under a 35-degree corner, the jog movement becomes the extremity closest to a crossbeam. The straightened swing lower extremity goes up, and jog is freely directed down. Synchronously with a move a leg the athlete transfers the head, humeral department and a hand, and then — the jog extremity extended outside up. The athlete falls by a jog extremity and one hand, making a rift through pelvic or humeral departments.

Video: cross over way

6. From running start on tiptoe the athlete runs on an arch (with a radius from 6 m) at an angle in 25 ° to a crossbeam. Having arranged a jog extremity the braking statement along a mental curve (the provision of a sock is directed to the racks which are before the athlete), the push is made. In this point the case is still rejected from a crossbeam, but at the jog movement becomes straight and moves to a level.

The bent swing extremity moves in the short way forward up to humeral department. This phase allows a move as both upper extremities, and their serial action. All events keep the high horizontal speed reached at running start and also promote strong pushing away.

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In an initial stage of a jump the athlete is turned to a crossbeam by a back forward, straightens a swing extremity, and jog bends. In this situation, sticking to a right angle, the athlete goes to a crossbeam, and then settles down over it horizontally. Having caved in in a waist over a crossbeam, it moves through it pelvic department and is bent in his joints. Synchronously with it the lower extremities become straight and transferred. Falling of the athlete is made on mats by a back.

Basic rules

There are several rules by which compete in this sport:

1. Competitions take place in the place allocated for this purpose on the horizontal surface covered with synthetic materials. The size of the sector has to allow to allow running start from 15 meters, running start extent — from 40 m, width — over 120 mm.
2. The size of the place of landing of athletes is made of foam rubber and is 5 m x 5 m x 0.5 m. The arrangement of mats and racks is turned to each other with a gap into 100 mm.
3. Level (metal or plastic) 4 m long, with the round section of 3 cm, weighing up to 2 kg. It has to be painted in light tone, with 3–4 dark strips put across it on 200 mm. The ends at a crossbeam — on 150 mm, semicircular section — 30 mm. Plates with the crossbeam of 6 x 4 cm in size established on them. Holders of a crossbeam are located with distance of 400 cm from each other.
4. Racks have to have the device allowing to establish a crossbeam at the height up to 2.5 m.
5. Performances of the athletes establish by draw. For each attempt 1 minute after the announcement is allocated, jumpers carry out them serially. For each athlete 3 minutes are allocated.
6. Initial height and its change is determined by the provision adopted on a competition. Establishing the subsequent level of height, the crossbeam is raised by 2 cm, for all-round — by 3 cm. Each athlete begins to work with any height offered him. Each bar is cleared from three calling. The admission any of heights is allowed. If there are three unsuccessful calling in succession, the jumper is not allowed any more to competitions.
7. The place is appropriated according to results of the greatest number of the overcome heights. When several participants have identical results, the athlete who cleared the last bar and made smaller number of attempts is considered the winner. In case several participants overcame the last height with equal number of attempts, the superiority is given to the jumper with the most smaller number of unsuccessful calling.
8. When during calling at the athlete the pole breaks, he can make one more calling.
9. The judge will note all correctly executed calling a raising of a white tag.

Equipment of a high jump

The jumper always sets the task: how to learn to jump most high and to manage to clear the maximum bar from the Earth's surface therefore technology of this exercise constantly changed and improved. At continuous training of jumpers in more perfect equipment of a push and overcoming height the achievement enough good results is possible today.

Get acquainted with technology of performance of long jumps.

Let's consider technology of performance of the described exercise on the example of a pole vault and of what elements it consists:

1. Starting position. The jumper puts a take-off foot on a control mark, at the same time holding a pole sideways with both hands: right — from below (the successful fellow big and index fingers), left — above (the brush without tension, is at chest department). Arrangement of brushes — at distance of 50-70 cm, the successful fellow at the height of pole of 5 m.
2. Start of motion — from side running start (putting a pole in an emphasis). Running start can be up to 45 m long, speed at the end of the movement — over 9 m/s. At the beginning of running start the corps of the athlete are a little inclined forward, and at acceleration become straightened. During the movement the jumper raises knee joints highly and places emphasis on lowering of legs from a hip on a support. Accelerating on all length of running start, it synchronously lowers a shell, bending the right hand. Graduating from the movement (two last steps), the athlete actively sends a pole forward, sending to the left hand its lower end to a box for an emphasis, and top lifting.
3. Pushing away. The direct jog extremity strictly (with a corner 65 °) costs on foot, and by means of force of inertia of a body the dynamic blow which is softened by bending of a knee is formed (up to 35 °). The athlete by means of a move strongly bent right leg at fast speed passes chest and pelvic department through a supporting leg, and the left lower extremity and right top remain behind. There is a vigorous pushing out of the case thanks to straightening of a basin, a knee and ankle joint of a basic extremity forward and up. The jumper through the left upper extremity (a right angle between a forearm and a pole) presses on a shell up, right at the same time forms force bending a pole. Making a start (total length of a phase — up to 0.15 sec., with the angle of take-off — up to 18 °), the athlete becomes in hung.
4. Moving ahead a thorax, by effort of a muscular system of hands and shoulders the jumper makes a wave. At this moment through shoulders the passing of an axis of rotation is made. Performance of the described hlestoobrazny movement takes place at the expense of the swing extremity straightened jog and bent with strong tension. Thanks to the fact that during running start there is a replacement of the rectilinear movement on pendulum on an arch there is centrifugal force directed along corps of the athlete from a point of the successful fellow. This force "pulls together" the case from a shell, increasing its bending. Further, at acceleration of raising of the lower part of the case, the jumper, delaying a humeral belt of a kzada, does the radius of a wave shorter that even more strengthens bending of a pole.
5. Extension and pulling up. The pole is unbent and brings up the athlete up at the moment when force of bending becomes lower than the elastic force of a shell. Trying to lift as much as possible the general center of body weight and using forces of the becoming straight shell, the jumper unbends knees and joints of coxofemoral department, in turn improving the case and being wrung out. The athlete is unbent up and several kzada in such a way that the lower extremities appear over the head, and coxofemoral department near a shell. Being unbent, being quickly and smoothly tightened and moving a basin along a shell, the athlete develops a thorax to a crossbeam.
6. Push-up. The beginning of push-up comes in the time spent of the right brush over a shoulder joint, and the end — in the beginning movements through a level.

Important! Doing "control" jumps and writing down results, the athlete will be able to track as he develops skill.

7. Flight through a crossbeam and landing. In completion of pushing away by a hand the athlete lowers the lower extremities for a crossbeam. The case gets a pose in the form of an arch, the head is hung, the right hand direct, left is bent and leaves up. Advance the athlete bends around a level. At the time of finding of a level at a breast the jumper directs humeral department and hands back to avoid contact of a crossbeam, and makes falling. Landing happens on legs and a back, and then there is a rift on shovels.

How to increase jump height

Both for the beginning athletes, and for experienced athletes the increase in height of a jump will help to improve the physical shape, to increase flexibility of all body and also to develop muscular force.

It is important! To increase vyprygivaniye height, the explosive force which is reached by the exercises aimed at its development is necessary.

There are some recommendations how to train the body quickly to achieve good results:

1. Daily occupations rhythmic gymnastics. It includes key movements with use of weight of the body that strengthens muscles of legs (squats, push-ups, attacks, etc.).
2. Daily extension of legs. It is carried out through a heel with contact with hands of fingers standing. This extension will help to train spring ability thanks to relaxation of muscles.
3. Costing rises on socks. Are carried out on the edge of a step or a border (in the beginning — up to 20 repetitions, then increasing their number).
4. Deep squats (hips are lower than knees). Exercises help to work out the lower department of the case and to stretch torso muscles around a stomach and a back. For strengthening of anklebones of squat it is possible to carry out, transferring weight to socks of the lower extremities.
5. Attacks from a standing position: taking a step forward, to bend a leg in a knee, having it over an ankle. The case is inclined forward. Further — return to a standing position. To change legs. To make 3 approaches on 10 repetitions on each leg.
6. Rack on one leg with alternation of legs. Exercise is intended for strengthening of anklebones. It is necessary to rise directly and to concentrate on any subject before you. To tear off an extremity from a floor and to stand on one leg until in it fatigue appears. To transfer weight to other extremity and to repeat exercise.

Standards

Sports classification puts forward the following digit norms for 2018-2021:

Safety methods

During the classes in high jumps it is necessary to observe safety measures.

Read in more detail as it is correct to jump in length from the place.

Before exercises it is necessary to check:

• condition of the sector and the equipment on serviceability;
• correctness of placement of a crossbeam;
• placement of mats (they have to be densely pressed to each other);
• the zone of running start has to be cleaned from foreign objects;
• compliance of initial height of a level to level of readiness of the athlete and also his floor.

Special attention needs to be paid:

• to the warm-up directed to an extension of gastrocnemius muscles, the front and back surface of hips and shins;
• to bigger amplitude of movements coxofemoral, knee and ankle joints.

Typical mistakes when training

The table shows what typical mistakes jumpers face during training:

It is important! When you train, good warm-up will be the best prophylactic from traumatism.

World records

It is below — sequence of achievements on this discipline for the last decades in the world:

As we see, this type of track and field athletics discipline helps jumpers to have good physical shape, trains endurance, flexibility and power skills and also does possible achievement of good results.