Any construction begins with geodetic works. Even the modest country house has to be strong and equal, and for this purpose it is necessary not just to draw its plan, but to manage to move contours directly to the site. To try take out axes of the small rectangular building you can also. Bases of geodetic knowledge can be taught also school students of high school.
It is required to you
- - project of the house with a geodetic binding;
- - the plan of the site with the building contours designated on it;
- - theodolite;
- - tacheometer;
- - lath;
- - pegs;
- - roulette or geodetic compasses.
Instruction
1. Before beginning breakdown, it is necessary to level as much as possible the surface of the site under one mark. Root out stubs, scavenge, remove a plant layer. Pay special attention to cleaning of various scrap metal. It is important if you decided to make breakdown independently. It is possible that you should use the self-made equipment which also the compass enters. But if you have an opportunity to get an optical or electronic theodolite or the tacheometer, it is better to make it.
2. There are main, main and intermediate axes. Begin with main. For a house or an industrial facility it is axes of symmetry of the building. Building dimensions, intermediate — the provision of its separate details are defined by the main axes. Study in detail the project which you have. Design provides geodetic preparation for transferring of contours of the building on the area. Perhaps, you already have a calculation of elements, a geodetic binding and marking drawings. You need only to plan correctly where and that will sroitsya.
3. It is the best of all to begin breakdown of the site under construction of the house with removal of the main axes. They represent two lines perpendicular each other which are crossed in the same place where also building diagonals. Define distance of this point from the next corners and lines of a coordinate grid. They are noted on the plan and also on the area if you build on the project having a binding. Get up with a theodolite in a point which coordinates are known to you. By means of screws orient the device under the necessary corner. The assistant holds a lath at this time. He moves it until it does not coincide with a tag on an eyepiece. Note the necessary point a lath and you pass to the following corner.
4. Depending on the site and a form of the building use one of ways of carrying out of axes. The way of rectangular coordinates is applied on flat sites with the marked coordinate grid. From the closest corner of a grid measure distance to a building corner projection point to this line, then building length. Hammer pegs. Having risen in one of points, adjust the goniometric device on a right angle. The principle of operation of all such devices, from the self-made angle meter to an electronic theodolite, is identical. It is necessary to combine tags or in two cuts of angle meters, or on the monitor. Your assistant has to move at the same time a lath to the right place and note a point a peg. Are in precisely the same way moved to the area and all other corners of the rectangular building. Between pegs pull a cord.
5. The way of angular notches is applied when something prevents direct vising, or the building is, for example, on a hill slope. Previously as it is possible calculate corners more precisely. All other works are performed in the same order, as in the first case. Intermediate axes take out later when there is already a base and it is necessary to define the provision of separate elements of the building.
6. At construction of the house the divergence of axes should not exceed 7 mm therefore it is better to perform these works by means of the modernized high-precision tools. But if you want to build, for example, the shed or other small rectangular building, it is possible to use also the simple angle meter. It is the circle divided into 360 degrees. In its center the bolt, and on it — a long ruler fastens. To edges to a ruler paste at an angle 90 ° 2 more rulers up, length it is less. At identical distance from their loose ends identical windows become. On the center pull vertical threads. Fix a circle strictly on a tripod and orient on a compass.
7. The plan of the site has to be with a coordinate grid too. To provide to a self-made theodolite strictly horizontal position, apply a plumb. This simple device just as any other theodolite operates, but its accuracy, naturally, will be less. Nevertheless, use of similar devices allowed to create in ancient times very beautiful and strong buildings of an ideal form.