Sugar or sucrose (also beet or cane sugar) has chemical formula C12H22O11. It represents disaccharide from more extensive group of oligosaccharides and consists of two monosaccharides – glucose (α) and fructose (β).
About sucrose as about disaccharide
Sucrose meets in many types of fruit, berries and other plants – sugar beet and a sugar cane. The last are also used in industrial processing for receiving sugar which is consumed by people.
It is characterized by high degree of solubility, chemical inertness and not involvement in metabolism. The hydrolyzation (or splitting of sucrose on glucose and fructose) in intestines occurs by means of the alpha glucosidase which is in a small intestine.
In pure form this disaccharide represents colourless monoklinny crystals. By the way, all the known caramel is the product received when hardening of the melted sucrose and further education of amorphous transparent weight.
Many countries are engaged in extraction of sucrose. So, following the results of 1990, world production of sugar was 110 million tons.
Chemical properties of sucrose
Disaccharide is quickly dissolved in ethanol less – in methanol and also is not dissolved and ethyl oxide at all. Sucrose density at 15 degrees Celsius is 1.5279 g on cm3.
She is also capable to be phosphoresced when cooling with liquid air or active lighting by a stream of bright light.
Sucrose does not react with Tollens, Felinga and Benedict's reactants, does not show properties of aldegit and ketones. It is also established that at sucrose solution addition to hydroxide of copper of the second type the solution of the sakharat of copper having bright blue light is formed. In disaccharide there is no aldehydic group, other isomers of sucrose are the maltose and lactose. In case of carrying out experience on identification of reaction of sucrose with water solution with disaccharide is boiled with addition of several drops of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, and later neutralize it by means of alkali. Then solution heats up again then there are aldehydic molecules having ability to restore hydroxide of copper of the second type to oxide of the same metal, but already the first type. Thus the statement is proved that sucrose with the participation of catalytic effect of acid is capable to be exposed to hydrolysis. Glucose and fructose are as a result formed. In a saccharose molecule there are several hydroxyl groups owing to what this connection can interact with hydroxide of copper of the second type by the same principle that and glycerin and glucose. If to add sucrose solution to a deposit of hydroxide of copper of this type, the last will be dissolved, and all liquid will be painted in blue color.